This page is simply at place to log historical papers and quotes relating to the history of ‘vaccines’ and the pursuit of finding the perfect tools for inducing artificial immunity. The timeline helps reveal how “the science” unfolded. As I discover a relevant piece of information I log it below in a timeline format.

I’m especially interested to find out when in our history the terms vaccine and vaccination, became so generally used. The terms were coined by Edward Jenner and were specific to the scarification-inoculation of cowpox to achieve “immunity” to smallpox, prior to this scarification-inoculation was called variolation – the only thing that changed was the “virus” toxin used. It appears Pasteur and the discovery of bacteriology capitalised on the well established procedure of “vaccination” and began using the terminology for their pursuit in generating artificial immunity to all manner of disease-causing bacteria.

It’s fascinating to see how far we have come, but also how tightly we have held onto the beliefs of hundreds of years ago.

Some historic quotes

1893: The second greatest step taken in medical science – creating “vaccines”:

“The discovery that microbes may change their characters and are capable of transformation by artificial means into vaccines of fixed and ascertained power is without doubt the greatest step which has been taken in medical science since disease-producing microbes were first studied.

The task which then presented itself to investigators was that of discovering the germs of contagion which were recognised as being the cause of disease and of elaborating substances protective against them

Opening paragraph of Haffkine’s lecture on Injections Against Cholera (1893)

Thus in 1893, the minds of “medical science” have latched onto the process:

• Step 1: Discover the germ of contagion that cause the disease
• Step 2: Artificially transform that germ into ‘vaccines’

1897: The purpose of ‘vaccination’:

The object of all vaccination processes is, first, to achieve a degree of immunity which shall be equal or greater to that which accrues to a patient who undergoes and recovers from an actual attack of the disease; and, secondly, to achieve that immunity without any risk to life or health.

Principles upon which the proposed method of typhoid vaccination is based (1897) – REF

Louis Pasteur was a French chemist who is created the development of the first vaccines for both rabies and anthrax in late 1800s, he is credited with founding the “science of immunisation”.

Historical immune hunting data points in reverse chronological order

You may want to scroll to the bottom and work you way up through time…content is constantly being added.

2024

May 10, 2024 – A Midwestern Doctor Substack: The Forgotten Science of Vaccine Disease Provocation – Why do vaccines cause people to get the diseases they are supposed to protect you against? (History within) – READ

• How vaccination can (and has through history) cause increased risk of infection

2022

October 26, 2022 – A Midwestern Doctor Substack: Why Do Vaccines Consistently Fail to Prevent Disease Transmission? – Original Antigenic Sin – READ and Pandemic strategies designed to test compliance not prevent death

2016

February 2, 2016 – Nature: Immunological memory: lessons from the past and a look to the future – Baber, Zinkernagel et al – READ [Understanding of immunology is still evolving]

• “… immunologists are yet to fully appreciate the mechanisms that control memory responses in the immune system. [The very principle underlying “immunization” is not understood – so how can long-term “effective” be claimed]
• Furthermore, our definition of immunological memory itself continues to evolve, with recent suggestions that innate immune cells also show memory-like behaviour.”

2015

October 12-16, 2015 – WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization: Collaborative study: Calibration of Replacement International Standard for Diphtheria Toxoid for use in Flocculation Test – PDF using the Ramon flocculation method – WHO MORE

• “Diphtheria is caused by exotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Active immunization against diphtheria is based on the use of diphtheria toxoid (DTxd), a chemically detoxified preparation of diphtheria toxin, to induce protective antibody responses.”
• DTxd is produced by growing the toxin-producing C. diphtheriae in liquid media and converting the toxin to inactive toxoid by treatment with formaldehyde. Antigenic strength and purity of the bulk toxoid is evaluated by measurement of ‘limit of flocculation’ (Lf) units….”… “Due to its simplicity, speed and economy, flocculation remains the primary method used by vaccine manufacturers to evaluate toxin and toxoid concentrations in Lf.”
• In the original Ramon flocculation method the antigen concentration is kept constant and different amounts of antitoxin are added to a series of tubes…
• WHO: The 1st International Reference Reagent of Diphtheria Toxoid for Flocculation Test (DIFT) was established in 1989 and update 2007 “following depletion of stocks”

February 20, 2015 – The Wall Street Journal: The Return of the Vaccine Wars- The controversy over vaccines is as old as vaccination itself (amid “the current measles outbreak”)- READ, ARCHIVE,

• Dec 2014: “The anti-vaccination epidemic: “Whooping cough, mumps and measles are making an alarming comeback, thanks to seriously misguided parents “- by Paul Offit – ARCHIVE
  • “Almost 8,000 cases of pertussis, better known as whooping cough, have been reported to California’s Public Health Department so far this year.” [Dr Offit appears “misguided”, he of all people should know that Pertussis bacteria are not prevented from colonising in a pertussis-vaccinated person, the Warfel et al 2014 Baboon studies showed that, thus the vaccine will not prevent “cases”, and will not prevent vaccinated kids from spreading the disease to their unvaccinated infant siblings.]

2002

August 1, 2002 – Current Opinion in Immunology: On differences between immunity and immunological memory – Rolf M Zinkernagel – READ

• “Over the past 10–15 years, many reviews and experiments have been published to document that immunological memory is antigen-independent.”…but only few have recently argued that protection by immunological memory is antigen-dependent”
  • [ “The Science” is being debated, so not settled. The pool of “evidence” assessed is always limited by the types of experiments that are “allowed” to be conducted/funded.]
• “…points of view are based on discrepant definitions and perceptions of what the immune system is or should be about”
• “Immunity—that is, protection against infection or re-infection” [So Immunity is not protection against “disease” (the symptoms) but against “infection”, does this mean the prevention of colonisation of a target pathogen?]

2001

Search for new Vaccines with more antigens (less jabs, more diseases), less side effects

October 12, 2001 – Vaccine: The role of the adsorption process for production and control combined adsorbed vaccines – Matheis et al – READ

• “One intention for the development of new vaccines is to get an increasing acceptance for vaccinations. This shall be achieved:
  • first by production of vaccines with less side effects (e.g. acellular pertussis vaccines
  • secondly by new combinations with a higher number of antigens resulting in a reduced number of injections.

1998

December 21, 1998 – FDA approved a new recombinant Lyme vaccine, LYMErix, which reduced new infections in vaccinated adults by nearly 80%...3 years later, the manufacturer voluntarily withdrew its product from the market amidst media coverage, fears of vaccine side-effects, and declining sales” – (2007) The Lyme vaccine: A cautionary tale – READ, MWD – CREDIT

• Vaccine was promoted “safe & effective”, but because of media coverage, not mandated (less sales) and the legal ability to sue the manufacture, the “safe and effective” product was withdrawn!

1997

August 6, 1997- JAMA | Vol 278, No. 5 : Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective – Christopher et al (Military). pp 412-417- PDF Anthrax vaccine etc

• “Smallpox was used as a biological weapon against Native Americans in the 18th century. During the French and Indian War (1754-1767), Sir Jeffrey Amherst, commander of British forces in North America, suggested the deliberate use of smallpox to“reduce”Native American tribes hostile to the British”
• “In the United States, an offensive biological program was begun in 1942 under the direction of a civilian agency, the War Reserve Service. The program included a research and development facility at Camp Detrick, Md. (renamed Fort Detrick in 1956), testing sites in Mississippi and Utah, and a production facility in Terre Haute, Ind. Experiments were conducted using pathogens, including B anthracis [anthrax] and Brucella suis.“…”5,000 bombs filled with B anthracis spores were produced at a pilot plant at Camp Detrick” but not used.
• “…a program to develop countermeasures, including vaccines, anti-sera, and therapeutic agents to protect troops from possible biological attack,was begun in 1953.”… Human experimentation using military and civilian volunteers was initiated in 1955.” – Challenge studies!
• Following Nixon’s termination of the “US offensive program from 1969-1970, biological defense in the US military has focused on the development of countermeasures including detection capabilities, personal protective equipment, vaccines, diagnostics, and therapies to protect our military members”
• A Fifth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention was due to be held in 2001. Re UN inspections of research facilities not granted in Russia and Iraq.
  • Note 1997 article mentioned upcoming 2001 conference. This took place Nov 19, 2001, following the “anthrax letter” incidence, but disagreement caused it to be postponed until Nov 6, 2002, where the Convention looked at “the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) Weapons and on Their Destruction” …”pathogenic microorganisms and toxins”, [not viruses?] – PDF, READ, 2-6th UN Review Conferences (1986-2006) – ARCHIVE
  • United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) was established January 1998 – REF

1996

April 5, 1996 – Science: Immunological Memory and Protective Immunity: Understanding Their Relation – Ahmed & Gray – READ, CREDIT

• …there is still considerable debate regarding the mechanisms by which long-term immunity is maintained.”

1994

1994 – BOOK: Vaccines and world health : science, policy, and practice by Paul Basch (Stanford Uni) – READ

1985

December 13, 1985 – US Federal Register Vol. 50, No. 240 : FDA Proposed Rules: Biological Products: Bacterial Vaccines and Toxoids; Implemenattion of Efficacy Review – list of revoked toxoids and vaccines – READ, PDF, SOURCE

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to amend the biologics regulations in response to the report and recommendations of the review Panel…”The Panel reviewed
  the safety, efficacy, and labeling of bacterial vaccines and toxoids with standards of potency, antitoxins, and immune globulins.”
• On the basis of the Panel’s findings and recommendations, FDA is proposing to classify these products in
  • Category I (safe, effective, and not misbranded),
  • Category II (unsafe, ineffective, or misbranded), or
  • Category IIIB (off the market pending completion of Studies permitting a determination of effectiveness).”
  • Category IIIA to get VRBPAC review

• Includes a brief account of the history of immunization against bacterial diseases and SPECIFIC PRODUCT REVIEWS
• “It is important for the public and its agencies to appreciate the tentative and envolving nature of the science of immuization, particulary to combat the notion that decisions made in the public interest at one point in time are necessarily valid and binding at another.”!
• “The foundations of the moden science of bacteriology are more than a century old…Pasteur… (in 1877) discovered and applied the principles of active immunization by using living, attenuated cultures—“live vaccines.” He argued that if Jenner could use cowpox (what Pasteur thought to be attenuated smallpox) as a vaccine, the same might be done with attenuated anthrax.” He made “attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines for animals.”
• Subsequently, ‘killed’ bacterial vaccines were made by the end of the 19th century when Almroth. E. Wright in England…began immunizing against typhoid fever with heat-killed whole bacterial cells”…”vaccines seemed to afford some useful protection before advances could be made in worldwide sanitation and well before the instruction of antibiotics“
• Two major forms of host defenses were discovered
  • 1) Russian biologist Eli Metchnikoff – developed the concept of phagocytosis – cellular immunity, responsible for clearing out foreign micro-pathogens with “phagocytes” (eating cells)
  • 2) (~1887) At the same time “humoral theory” was introduced by G. H. F. Nutthall of Cambridge who studied the killing action of blood on bacteria (bactericidal effects). He showed these effects were due to chemical products of cells in blood serum and body fluids—substances called “anti-bodies” which could destroy or inactive some bacteria without help from phagocytes.
• In diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, and botulism, neutralization of the soluble bacterial toxins (exotoxins) liberated during infection is of the utmost importance in the prevention of the diseases caused by these organisms. Thus, antibodies that neutralize such toxins are the basis of “antitoxic immunity,”
• The era of ‘passive immunization’ began from 1890 with the “antitoxin” sera discoveries from Roux, Behring and Kitasato – antibody immunizing sera was prepared by injecting horses with prepared toxins then collecting the resultant animal antibody sera. – This antibody treatments are of short duration – providing only temporary benefit
• Then came the toxoids (formalin inactivated toxins) which were then commonly used against diphtheria and tetanus
• “Active immunization, on the other hand, consists of inducing the person to be protected to produce their own antibodies by giving small doses of the microorganism or toxin in a form that will’not cause serious illness in the person. Once active immunity is induced, it tends to persist for long periods of time.” [how long is “long”?]

1984

1984 – Antibodies, their structure and function by Steward – READ [Understanding the state of Immunology pre global vaccine ramp-up]

• In the decade or so following von Behring and Kiasoto’s 1890 antitoxin early observations “it was demonstrated that antibodies could specifically lyse bacteria (bacteriolysis), precipitate bacteria and agglutinate bacteria (cause them to clump together).” It was also shown antibodies could be produced against non-toxic substances such as proteins
• It would appear any product that elicits an antibody responce can be called a “vaccine”. Thus a vaccine’s “effectiveness” is too often measured by antibody titres, likely Immunoglobulin G (IgG) as this is “quantitatively the most important serum immunoglobulin and its major function is to neutralize toxins, viruses and to bind to and optimize bacteria[l]…phagocytosis and elimination”.
• “IgG is the only immunoglobulin to cross the human placenta and is thus a major defence mechanism against infection in the early part of the infant’s life”.

1982

September 1982 – Senator Paula Hawkins (of Florida) proposed a Bill amid public’s heightened concern for adverse events associated with the pertussis (Whooping Cough) vaccine, administered as DTP, the bill was withdrawn – REF

• In follow up to Senator Hawkins’ request for more information on April 26, 1983 the US Dept HHS held an open meeting on”Pertussis and Pertussis Vaccines” regarding the pertussis dilemma – REF
• In September1981 an oral pertussis vaccine was developed and trialled in Germany with less side effiects [I didn’t know that!] – REF

1978

1978 – BOOK: International Health by Basch – READ

• There is an absence of an acceptable definition of “Health”. The WHO definition was noted as “an affirmation of belief and principle rather than a quantifiable technical definition” – READ
• “Health is an investment” – cost-benefit analyais “Since ill health, disability and premature death all incur individual and social costs, it is in the interests of society to minimize these” – REF
  • [They have been ignoring for centuries the degree of ill health, disability and premature death caused by vaccines!]
  • Health economists credit immunization for “economic benefits” for measles and smallpox vaccination programs – READ

1977

April 4, 1977 Science magazine (quote) by Dr Jonas Salk – REF

The live poliovirus vaccine has bee the predominant cause of domestically arising cases of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States since 1972. To avoid the occurrance of such cases, it would be necessary to discontinue the routine use of live polio vaccine

Dr Jonas Salk

1973

February 13, 1973 – US Federal Register: “FDA issued procedures for the review by independent advisory review panels of the safety, effectiveness, and labeling of biological products licensed before July 1, 1972” – REF

• FDA assigned the biological product review to one of the following groups:
  • (1) Bacterial vaccines and bacterial antigens with “no U.S. standard of potency,”
  • (2) bacterial vaccines and toxoids with standards of potency,
  • (3) viral vaccines and rickettsial vaccines,
  • (4) allergenic extracts,
  • (5) skin test antigens, and
  • (6) blood and blood derivatives

1973 – The Immunization Myth – Two diseases that declined without mandated vaccine (TB & Typhoid) – REF

1966

WHO investigations into aluminium adjuvants increases – “vaccine” and “toxoid” are still considered separate product types

August 1966 – Aprile, M.A. and Wardlaw, A.C., 1966, Aluminium compounds as adjuvants for vaccines and toxoids in man; A review, Can.J.Public Health, 57: 343 – READ, READ

• In 1966 “Vaccines” are distinguished from “toxoids”. Where toxoid products were diphtheria and tetanus – today they are all called “vaccines”. What changed?
• In 1957 the British Ministry of Health “recommended that an antigen “free from aluminium complex” be used for immunizing children against diphtheria”… for many years Canadian children received aluminium free vaccines
• 1964 the “Committee on Control of Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics advised….the use of DPT that was alum-precipitated or adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide or aluminium phosphate…”
• 1964 – a scientific group of the WHO listed “the development of effective and safe adjuvants” as one of the highest priority topics of research in the field of immunoprophylasis – [WHO gearing up for mass vaccination!]
  • 1964 WHO Technical Report Series (TRS) No 286 : 85 – REF
• Such precipitates, as pointed out by Holt (15) may be quite variable composition depending on which anion- bicarbonate or phosphate– is present when the precipitate is formed, and also on the extent of interaction of the aluminium cation with antigen to form protein aluminate. – REF
• The World Health Organization techincal report No. 61 states “The expression ‘alum-precipitate toxoid’ describes a laboratory procedure and in no way defines the nature of the material obtained either quantitatively or qualitatively” (16)

1966 – BOOK: An introduction to social medicine – McKeown and Lowe (1966) – READ, 1974 –

• Chapter 8: Immunization – READ, updated 1974 – READ

1965

1965 – BOOK: A History of Epidemics in Britain by Charles Creighton, Historian (1847-1927) – (First Edition published 1891 – READ) – READ, CREDIT

• McKeown & Lowe (1966) stated: “The value of vaccination has been disputed and Creighton, the historian of infectious disease, considered it useless. This view is generally regarded as perverse and inconsistent with the evidence, which is admittedly not easy to interpret. The disapearance of the disease in endemic form during this century, and the control of occasional epidemics introduced from abroad, are beleived to be due mainly to the protection afforded by vaccination” – REF – vaccination is based on “belief”. No citation for “the evidence”.

1960

1960 – In 1960 Butler and Barr (26) investigated the immune responses of babies to two injections of mixed diphtheria-tetanus toxoids, plain and absorved on Al(OH)3. – REF

1959

1959 – BOOK: Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity by Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – READ

• “If we take any ‘good’ antigen, either soluble or particulate, for which we have a convenient in vitro method of titrating the corresponding antibody and inoculate a series of animals, it will usually be a simple matter to show the characteristic difference between primary and secondary response” – REF

1955

July 1955 – Tri-State Medical Journal: Poliomyelitis Vaccine – Brodie versus Salk – by Dr Fred Klenner – READ

• “Klenner tells how the versatile vitamin C dealt most efficiently with the polio problem during earlier epidemics”- REF

1955 – US Military: Between 1951-1955 the anthrax vaccine was developed, using “alum” as the “placebo” – PDF, SOURCE, A year later (1956) Camp Detrick, the US military biological weapons research facility was renamed Fort Detrick – TIMELINE

• 5 years later the first anthrax outbreak in the Twentieth Century happened to occur! Stanly Plotkins et al – READ, READ

1954

September 16, 1954 – New England J Medicine 1954 251 p459 by Ipsen: Immunization of adults aginst diphtheria and tetanus – READ

• Ipsen used diphtheria-tetanus toxoid preparations “designed to provide adults with primary immunization against tetanus and also a booster dose against diphtheria” – REF
• “Immunization against diphthera and tetanus in childhood is now well established procedure in Massachusetts as well as many other communities. The large majority of infants receive a solid basic immunity against these diseases through the standad application of triple vaccine (pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus)…The recommended procedure of booster immunization with the triple antigen at the time of entry into elementary school is widely followed.” …and being extended with another “booster” for high school students – REF

1954 – Measles virus was isolated in 1954, live measles virus vaccine was first licensed in US 1963 – REF, CREDIT

• By 1966 “it became apparent that measles could be eradicted in the United States”!
  • Mealses mortality graph – HERE

1953

1953 – British Pharmacopoeia 1953 edition – READ (see 1932)

• This is the publication with the Australian Therapeutics Goods regulator uses.
• Smallpox vaccine no longer referred to as “vaccine lymph” because it can be made in chicken embryos! – REF, no longer “cow pox” – REF
• Biological products now include “Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, Scarlet Fever Antitoxin, Scarlet Fever Prophylactic, Dick Control, and Dick Test Toxin”- REF [are they rolling all things under the banner “vaccine”?]
• Vaccines available in 1953 – READ, “bacterial vaccine” – READ

1949

Triple antigen vaccine (DTP) introduced

1949 – Childhood immunization was intensified after 1949, especially with the introduction of triple (pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus) vaccine – REF

March 1949 – Can. J. Comparative Medicine Vet Sci.: Twenty-five years ago, a veterinarian, Gaston Ramon discovered toxoids [in 1923] (French Canadian), Panisset – READ, PDF, CREDIT

1942

December 16, 1942 – Proc. Royal Society of Medicine: Discussion on Immunity: II.-Bacterial Vaccines and Toxoids by Dr. A. W. Downie – READ, PDF (curious called “active immunity” today- REF)

• “Before vaccines and toxoids are made generally available for human use thev are usually tested on animals which, after inoculation, can be tested for antibody production or for resistance to infection.” [note toxoids are NOT considered vaccines, and that “effectiveness” was determined by measuring in animals the level of “antibody production”.]

June 1942 – Amer. J. Public Health (1942) 32: 615 – Use of Alum-Treated Pertussis Vaccine, and of Alum-Precipitated Combined Pertussis Vaccine and Diphtheria Toxoid, for Active Immunization – READ, Kendrick’s trial – Pertussis vaccine – Alum vaccine vs Plain vaccine – REF,

1941

September 13, 1941 – The Lancet: Preparation of Alum-precipitated toxoid for use as an immunising agent – Barr, Glenny, Pope, Linggood – READ

August 1, 1941 – Public Health Report Vol 56 No 31: Pertussis prophylaxis with two doses of alum-precipitated vaccine by Joseph A Bell – READ, CREDIT

• A small 1936-37 clinical trial conducted by National Institute of Health suggested single dose pertussis vaccine “protection might not be sufficient to justify its public health use”, so further investigation was made using a double dose of alum-precipitated Parke Davis pertussis vaccine, given 4 weeks apart. The intent was to see if in future it could be combined with diphtheria toxoid.

• “The single question to be answered by this report is whether the vaccine confers any real protection against the disease. Since the public health aspect of the disease is of chief concerned”…thus need representative group of children injected versus a not injected (i.e control!)
• Difficulties in obtaining the groups of childrent to be observed are described and the other problem was “the definition of pertussis as a clinical entity” that could be “recognized in the injected and noninjected groups”…cough lasting >18 days, with min 8 days being “unremittently paroxysmal” etc.. This trial observation lasted 34 months from first dose – REF Table of results – HERE

1939

1939 – The year the first antibotic, Penicillin, is mass produced and released to the world, changing the practice of medicine forever. Following Gerhard Domagk’s 1935 work which inspired the Rockefeller funded search for simple compound drugs. – TIMELINE

1938

September 20, 1938 – An Electrophoretic Study of Immune Sera and Purified Antibody Preparation by Arne Tiselius and Elvin A Kabat (Sweden) – PDF

• It was not until 1938 that “significant advances” in the knowledge of chemical nature of antibodies were made. “At this time, Tiselius and Kobat demonstrated that the antibody activity of an antiserum is associated with the gamma-glogulin (γ) fraction of the serum. – via electrophoresis work developed by Tiselius during 1937 – REF
• Globulins which function as antibodies are today known as “immunoglobulins“.

1938 – 58 British physicians signed a memorial against compulsory immunizations in Guernsey, and “were able to point to the virtual disappearance of diphtheria in Sweden without any immunization” yet Germany with compulsory immunizations diphtheria cases increased – REF

1937

Tiselius develops the Electrophoresis technique for separating, and characterising proteins – Demonstrating that antitoxin serum is made up of many “serum globulins” i.e. Antibodies

September 1937 – Biochemistry Journal: Electrophoresis of serum globulin: Electrophoretic analysis of normal and immune sera – Tiselius – READ, PDF, CREDIT

• “By subjecting serum to prolonged electrophoresis, and collecting the slowest fractions, a serum globulin material was isolated which was different from those obtained by the common methods and more homogeneous than these.”
• “The first experiments with the new apparatus showed very clearly that different fractions of serum globulin…consisted of several components, migrating at distinctly different rates.” Tiselius named them these serumglobulins by the lower-case Greek aphabet symbols for Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta.

February 1937 – Biochemical Jorunal: Electrophoresis of serum globulin. I – Arne Tiselius – READ, CREDIT

• Concluding that serum is not a “homogeneous substance as judged by electrochemical properties”

January 25, 1937 – Transactions of the Faraday Society: A New Apparatus for Electrophoretic Analysis of Colloidal Mixtures by Arne Tiselius – READ, CREDIT

• Tiselius’ work on Electrophoresis dates back to his 1926-30 Thesis – READ

1935

Basic structure of viruses is discovered

1935 – In 1935 Stanley isolated a crystalline protein possessing the properties of tobacco mosaic virus. It contained two substances, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. The simple structure characteristic of tobacco mosaic virus was soon found to be a basic property of many human viruses such as coxsackie virus (which I believe to be the cause of Multiple Sclerosis), Echo and polioviruses — they all contain only ribonucleic acid and protein – (F. Klenner 1971) – REF

• There exist minor variations. Adenoviruses contain desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein. Other viruses such as that causing influenza contain added lipid and polysaccharides. DNA is used to program the large viruses, like mumps, RNA is used to program the small viruses, like measles.
• The role of the protein coat is to protect the parasitic but unstable nucleic acid as it rides the “blood highway” or “lymphatic system” to gain specific cell entry.
• Pure viral nucleic acid without its protein coat can be inactivated by constituents of normal blood.”

January 1, 1935 Journal of Immunology: Active Immunization in Monkeys Against Poliomyelitis with Germicidally Inactivated Virus – Maurice Brodie – READ, LEAD

• “These experiments demonstrate that a proper dose of formalized virus may produce, in the majority of monkeys, an active immunity sufficient to enable them to withstand intracerebral inoculation of one or more infective doses of virus, and that virus treated with formalin is a better antigen than is phenolized virus.”

• His projects were eventually “cancelled as a result of complications from vaccine trials resulting in the death of 6 participants and the paralysis of 10 others. The resulting public outrage delayed further research on the polio vaccine until the 1950s, when the Salk and Sabin vaccines were produced” – WIKI

1935 – In 1935 Gerhard Domagk demonstrated that simple chemical compounds could be used to treat and cure invading bacterial infections, such as his use of Prontosil, to cured systemic Streptococal infections. This work sparked a search for anti-bacterial drugs.- REF, REF [needs more info] Prontosil testing began in 1932.

• Domagk’s worked at the German IG Farben/Bayer and was responsible for testing new compounds for antimicrobial activity. (As virtually all disease were considered due to bacteria) The dye- coal-tar drug industry are the historical foundation of chemical drugs used as medicines throughout the 1800s into 1900s and today.
• Prontosil is a sulfa drug, or sulfonamides, all of which are related to the compound sulfanilamide. It provided the first successful (antibiotic) drug therapies for many bacterial diseases. Domagk’s “sulfonamide drug…paved the way for the antibiotic revolution in medicine,”
• Domagk’s discovery of the antibacterial properties of Prontosil won him the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the year Penicillin was mass produced. He would not officially receive the award until 1947, after WWII – REF, REF

1934

Diphtheria toxoid with and without alum compared – “toxoids” were used to “immunize” (distinguished from “vaccine”)

March 24, 1934 – “The public health literature or the early 1930s contains numerous reports on the use of alum-preciptiated diphtheria toxoid in man, but the first direct comparison with plain toxoid was made by White and Schlageter in 1934 (17)” – REF,

• March 24, 1934 – JAMA 102 pg 915 : DIPHTHERIA TOXOID: Comparative immunizing value with and with-out alum, as indicated by the schick test – White and Schlageter – READ
• Purpose: “to test the relative immunizing value of a given diphtheria toxoid, with and without the addition of alum” (0.2% alum added to toxoid), using a 2 dose series with “Park alum toxoid” with alum and without alum, compared to the 3 dose series of the “commercial toxin-antitoxin” product
• Shick test used to determined if the childeren were “immune” or “non-immune”

1932

1932 – British Pharmacopoeia 1932 edition – READ

• There as only smallpox and anti-typhoid-paratyphoid vaccines – REF
• Diphtheria and Tetanus were antitoxin serums – REF
• Alum – REF, Potassium alum (potash alum) – READ, The precursor for aluminium adjuvant

1931

1931 – Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology: Rate of disappearance of diphtheria toxoid injected into rabbits and guinea pigs: Toxoid precipitated with alum – Glenny et al – READ (aluminium potassium sulphate – REF)

• “Glenny Pope Waddington and Wallace 1926 first demonstrated the high antigenic efficiency of diphtheria toxioid to which potach alum had been added and stated …that such a suspension constituted one of the best antigens so far used by them. These authors further showed that a suspension of an alum toxoid precipitated after boining for an hour was as efficient an antigenic properties as the average toxin-antitoxin mixtures for human immunisation against diphtheria.”

1929

1929 – Commission on Biological Standardization.: The importance of international standards of vaccines was recognized by the Health Commission of the League of Nations which in 1929 appointed a permanent Commission on Biological Standardization. – REF, The was transferred to the World Health Organisation in 1947 – READ

• “As a result, potency of vaccines were expressed in a more uniform notation which was accepted and understood throughout the world.”
• “It has become generally understood that a successful and acceptable vaccine must be: (1) Safe and (2) effective.
  • Safety means that the preparation used must not cause the disease against which it is directed and that the occurrence of reactions, both local and general, must be within acceptable limits.
  • Efficacy implies a useful degree of clinical protection: In some infections, the best guide to immunity is the amount of circulating antibody in the blood against the causative agent. It is the clinical trial, however, which must provide the final critical assessment of the efficacy and safety of the new vaccine. The basic requirements of filed trials meeting modem critical criteria were well described by 1957 by W.C. Cockbum, and are elaborated upon in the Panel’s generic statement on the requirements for a well-controlled field trial.” – REF

May 10, 1929 – British Journal of Experimental Pathology: On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzæ by Alexander Fleming – READ, From the Laboratories of the Inoculation Department, St Mary’s Hospital, London. History of Fleming CREDIT

• “It is clear, therefore, that the production of this antibacterial substance is not common to all moulds or to all types of penicillium.”
• Bacillus influenzae is Pfeiffer’s bacillus (a bacterium) which was thought to be the cause the 1918 Influenza pandemic. They even made a “vaccine” for Pfeiffer’s bacillus. Today the bacterium is classified as Haemophilus influenzae.
• Fleming accidentally discovers the anti-bacterial power of the fungus Penicillum notatum, but it wouldn’t be until 1939 that Howard Florey et al at Oxford University with Rockefeller Foundation funding that goes to work isolating the fungus chemical secretions and formulated the first, mass produced “antibiotic” know as Penicillin, in time for World War II, thanks to collaborations with British pharmaceutical companies. By the end of the war it was nicknamed “the wonder drug”. – REF
• Florey’s work is inspred by Gerhard Domagk (1935) work who showed injecting simple chemical compound, Prontosil, cured systemic Streptococal infections – demonstrating invading bacteria (infections) can be treated – and the search for chemical drugs with Fleming’s work. – REF
• Alexander Fleming was knighted in 1944 and shared the Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Florey and Ernst Boris Chain – READ
  • Its curious how Robert Malone, the discoverer of RNAs ability to elicit an immune respose, thus it’s potential as a “vaccine”, was not granted a share in the 2023 Nobel Prize for the pseudouridine, the reason modified mRNA can evade the immune system and thus be considered a new type of “vaccine”!

1926

Mixing potassium Alum with toxoid first demonstrated to increase antigenic power of vaccine – (adjuvant is discovered)

September 21, 1926 – New Britain herald – Your Health – How to Keep It – Causes of Illness . The first of a serise of 5 articles on diphtheria by Morris Fishbein – Editor or JAMA and Hygeia the Health Magazine –READ

• New Discoveries…sanitarians and hygienists are convinced that diphtheria may be completely eliminated from our country through the application of our present knowledge…
• The application will depend on the enlightened attitude of the public which will avail itself of the knowledge that has been disseminated among physicians”
• “When ignorance, superstition, and prejudice prevail” says American Association of Medical Progress (lobby group?) “preventable diseases will be allowed to slay right and left , and especially among children”

January 12, 1926 – The UK Guardian: New vaccines for tetanus and diphtheria – French discovery | Immunity claimed for infants – READ

• “Vaccines” against diphtheria and tetanus, comparable as prophylactics with Jenner’s vaccine against smallpox, have been discovered at the Pasteur Institute here by a French chemist, M. G. Ramon.
• Two years ago experiments began with anatoxins upon human beings at the Pasteur hospital and the military hospital in Paris.

1926 -Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology: The influence of optimal proportions of antigen and antibody in the serum precipitation reaction Dean and Webb – READ

1926 – Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology Vol 29, Iss 1: Immunological notes. XVII–XXIV (17-24) by Glenny, Pope, Waddington and Wallace from the Wellcome labs – READ, PDF cont. from Vol 28 p 482 – READ (Glenny and Pope still working on this in 1941) [And so begins the aluminium adjuvanted toxoid vaccines]

• “Glenny Pope Waddington and Wallace 1926 first demonstrated the high antigenic efficiency of diphtheria toxioid to which potach alum had been added and stated …that such a suspension constituted one of the best antigens so far used by them. These authors further showed that a suspension of an alum toxoid precipitated after boining for an hour was as efficient an antigenic properties as the average toxin-antitoxin mixtures for human immunisation against diphtheria.” – (1931) – REF (note potash alum is potasium alum)

• 17 – The Antigenic Value of the Toxin-Antitoxin Precipitate of Ramon
• 18 – Destruction of toxin by heating in the presence of phenol
• 19 – Destruction of toxin by heating in the presence of Trikresol
• 20 – The effect of evaporation of toxin-antitoxin mixtures
• 21 – The effect of formaldehyde on diphtheria antitoxic serum
• 22 – The antigenic value of precipitated toxoid
• 23 – The antigenic value of toxoid precipitated with potassium alum –
  An emulsion of such a precipitate has high antigenic properties
  • [Alum is KAlSO4 – REF]
• 24 – The antigenic value of toxoid that will not flocculate in the presence of antitoxin

1926 – Combined Schick test and diphtheria prophylactic; combined diphtheria-scarlet-fever prophylactic – Glenny and Waddington – READ (COMBINING antigens!)

• “A preparation that would give a satisfactory Schick reaction and at the same time act as an immunising agent would have a distinct advantage …reduce the number of subsequent prophylactic injections for human beings from 3 to 2.”

1925

Glenny et al prolific work on Diphtheria toxin looking for antigenic power for a “vaccine”. Diphtheria and Tetanus combined. Terminology: TOXIN, TOXOID AND ANTITOXIN

July 1925 – Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology Volume 28, Issue 3: Immunological notes. VIII.-XVI (8-16)- Glenny, Pope, Waddington and Wallace – READ, PDF

• 8 – Comparison between in vitro and in vivo methods of testing diphtheria antitoxin
• 9 – Two zones of flocculation in Ramon tests
• 10 – The relation between antigenic value and dose injected of toxin-antitoxin mixtures and of modified toxin
• 11 – The stability of diphtheria toxin used for the Schick Test
• 12 – The destruction of dilutions of diphtheria toxin of Schick strength by shaking
• 13 – The action of phenol on mixtures of toxin and antitoxin
• 14 – The stability of toxin-antitoxin mixtures
• 15 – Some discrepant in vivo titration of antitoxin – batch variation
• 16 – A method of producing tetanus antitoxic serum of high potency

April 1925 – Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology Volume 28, Issue 2: Immunological notes. I.-VII, (1-7) Glenny, Pope, Waddington and Wallace – READ – Development of our work on immunity

• “In the present series of notes we see indications of how a minute but repeated stimulus of toxin may produce immunity; there is an obvious link between this fact and naturally acquired immunity in man…” immunity of diphtheria is studies.

April 1925 – Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology Volume 28, Issue 2: The titration of diphtheria toxin by the flocculation method – Glenny & Wallace – READ

• “The use of Trevan microsyringe enables small volumes of antitoxin to be measured accurately…”

April 1925 – Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology Volume 28, Issue 2: The measurment of the combining power of diphtheria toxin and toxoid with antitoxin in relation to their antigenic efficacy – A. T. Glenny, C. G. Pope, Hilda Waddington – READ, PDF – TERMINOLOGY: TOXIN, TOXOID AND ANTITOXIN

• The word “toxin” as used by immunologists possesses more than one interpretation….used in a specific sense the term signifies a definite substance which is one of the active principle …responsible for pathological symptoms.”
• “For the present we are using the expression “toxoid” for that modification of specific toxin which causes no pathological symptoms in animals, but is capable of combining with antitoxin and for stimulating the production of immunity” i.e. toxin-antitoxin mixture
• Recently, Ramon (1924) has suggested the term “anatoxine” without defining whether this term should be applied generally or specifically and without making clear whether the word replaces “modified toxin” or “specific toxoid” or both.
• “Different brews of diphtheria toxin vary both in their degree of toxicity and in their power to stimulate the production of antitoxin. It is of importance therefore to be able to measure both the toxicity of the brew and its immunising value…The recent establishment of the flocculation test (Ramon 1922, 1923 and 1924) gives us another new and important method of measuring the strength of a toxin.” [The flocculation test is still used today]

April 1925 – Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology Volume 28, Issue 2: The antigenic effect of intravenous injection of diphtheria toxin – Glenny and Pope –READ (pre-adjuvant days) – toxin-antitoxin mixture injected gave as good response as subcutaneous

• …it appears to have been generally accepted that animals cannot be successfully immunised by intravenous injection of diphtheria toxin” [alone]
• “Most of the work in the past on the time of fixation of diphtheria toxin has been done by subcutaneous injection..” – (same author diff paper same J edition – REF)
• This paper shows “…however the circumstances in which immunity response follows intravenous injection”…mix antitoxin with the toxoid called “modified toxin partially neutralised with antitoxin“

1924

The year anatoxin was coined (formaldehyde treated toxin) and “indicated” for “vaccination of children”

April 1924 – Experimental Biology and Medicine: Immunity results obtained in school children with diphtheria toxoid (modified toxin) and with 1/10 L+ mixtures of toxin-antitoxin – A. Zingher, M. Park et al – READ, CREDIT

January 1924 – Annales de l’Institut Pasteur, 1924, Vol 38 Iss 1 p.1: “Sur La Toxine Et Sur L’Anatoxine Diphtheriques” – G. Ramon – READ, REF, REF2, Title: On Toxin and on Diphtheria Anatoxin – Flocculating Power and Immunizing Properties by G. Ramon (Translated from French),

• Ramon introduces a new term “anatoxine” i.e. anatoxin (de-toxified toxin), the Ramon flocculation test which is still in used today though modified, and he suggests anatoxin is indicated for “vaccination of children”
  • Diphtheria toxin in the flocculation reaction: “With particular regard to the toxin, its flocculating power can therefore be measured by the quantity of antitoxin [antibody] necessary for its saturation, or in other words by the quantity of antitoxin which causes the appearance of the initial flocculation.”…”the toxin always requires, in order to flocculate, the quantity of antitoxin which saturated it on the ninth day of culture;”…What we observe here regarding the toxins leads us even further to believe that there is perhaps another quality in the serums that Ehrlich’s method does not indicate.
• “Special case of diphtheria toxin made non-toxic (Diphtheria anatoxin)“- by adding formaldehyde
  • “As we have indicated, we always add, to the toxin which we use in our various in vitro dosages, a small amount of formaldehyde… with the aim of avoiding cultures that would be made possible by inevitable contamination during handling…”..It is this [formaldehyde treated toxin] product that we propose to call diphtheria anatoxin. (i.e.”inverse” of toxic)
  • “..we know that anti-diphtheria immunization of guinea pigs is almost impossible with simply diluted diphtheria toxin, difficult with the old method of toxin-liquor mixtures…and very slow and quite inconsistent with the toxin-antitoxin mixture.”
  • “Thus the anatoxin derived from diphtheria toxin, of which it may have retained the flocculating and immunizing properties, but of which it no longer has the harmfulness, can generate, in a living organism, immunity and production of antitoxin whose results which precedes allow us to appreciate all the value. This diphtheria toxoid, whose immunizing power will be evaluated in vitro by the flocculation reaction, naturally finds its use in the immunization and hyperi-mmunization of animals.
  • …Thanks to its harmlessness and the very high degree of immunity it confers, it also seems indicated for antidiphtheria vaccination in children (1)”
    • “(1) The injection, into the subcutaneous cellular tissue, of 0 cc. 25 of diphtheria toxoid, carried out on myself, caused a temporary local redness without any reaction either local or general. This redness was no more pronounced than that caused by the same quantity of boiled toxoid.”

1923

December 1923 – Annales de l’Institut Pasteur Vol 37 Iss 12: Comparative study of the virulence and toxicity of microbial bodies and tuberculin of various samples of tuberculosis bacillus – Exaltation of the virulence of attenuated strains vaccination trials – Borrel et al (French)- READ

• Study has been ongoing for 3 years – isolating various TB strains, These strains were first classified according to their virulence by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and intra-cardiac inoculation….[early Gain of Function studies!?]
• The first vaccination trials undertaken in 1920 were attempted with a preparation of crushed virulent bacilli….The bacillary mass, freed of alcohol, was suspended in glycerinated water & 50 p. 100 and decanted for a long time. The part placed at the bottom of the vase was used in our vaccination trials…” in guinea pigs

December 1923 – Ramon – Annales de l’Institut Pasteur: Flocculation in mixtures of toxin and anti-diphtheria serum, Vol 37, p. 1001 – READ, READ

• “The precipitation reaction described by Ramon (1923) for the titration of diphtheria antitoxin affords an example of the application of the principle in optimal proportions. If either is in excess the formation of precipitate is delayed or inhibited”- REF

1923 – re subcutaneous injection vs intravenous injection of diphtheria toxoid no antibody (antitoxin) formation – REF (pre-adjuvant days)

• Madsen (1923) wrote “according to the published experiments – which are however not very numerous and need revisiting – there is an essential difference in the antitoxic reaction occurring in a horse actively immunised against diphtheria by subcutaneous injection and that occurring as a result of intravenous injection. In the latter mode of procedure the antitoxin formation is almost, nil“

February 1923 – Annales de l’Institut Pasteur: NEW PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNIZATION APPLIED TO VACCINATION THERAPEUTICS by Sir Almroth E. Wright – READ

• “Vaccination can be used during the incubation period of a disease, provided that this incubation period is greater than ten days. This closes the great initial chapter of scientific immunization which was developed by Pasteur.”

1922

November 4, 1922 – JAMA Vol 79 Iss 19: Toxin-antitoxin Immunization against Diphtheria by William H. Parks, pg1584 – READ, CREDIT

1921

1921 – FDA: The first living bacterial vaccine to be used on a large scale in man came as a sequel to Koch’s tuberculin (failures) work when Calmette and Guerin introduced BCG vaccine into human immunization procedures in 1921 against Tuberculosis (TB) – Mycobacterium bovis (BCG, Bacillus Calmette – Guérin) – REF, READ

1920

1920 – Chapter IV – Introduction to Vaccine Therapy by Sir Almroth E. Wright (Reprinted from Nelson Loose-Leaf Medicine) – READ

• Here Wright implies an “infection” occurs AFTER the incubation stage of the pathogen when he states “try to get in in advance of the infection” during the “incubation stage”.
  • [This goes to the definition of when someone is “infected” – the pathogen needs to be able to establish colonisation i.e. to achieve an “infection”.]
• There is a “broad contrast between preventive and therapeutic inoculation” – READ
  • “Preventive inoculation whether it be a question of the now old and venerable process of anti-small-pox vaccination, or of the newer processes of preventive inoculation against cholera, typhoid fever, plague, and pneumonia, makes as good as no intellectual demands upon the Medical Man who carries out the operation. There is not demanded from him any study of the processes of immunisation, or any manipulative skill.”
    • [Doctors today get NO education about vaccines, except a half day about the immunisation schedule! Seems nothing has changed in 100 years – WATCH, WATCH]

1918

1918 “Spanish Flu” pandemic – TIMELINE

1916

November 15, 1916 – Homeopathic Recorder Vol 31: Poliomyelitis-Infantile Paralysis by W Van R. Blighton pg 493 – READ

• On Simon Flexner at Rockefeller instituted working on poliomyelitis…with observations about contagiousness, and public health authorities a frightening people “out of their wits” – AMA is working hard to get the health regulations under their control
• …”we know that fear is a prolific source of disease.”
• “Coming to the subject of the cause of this disease [poliomyelitis], I think my professional brothers will be somewhat startled when I suggest the thought that the present epidemic of infantile paralysis may have been caused by small-pox vaccination. You smile, but why ‘should the disease become epidedemic throughout nearly the entire country so soon after the wholesale process of vaccination?” …since the introduction of compulsory vaccination – tuberculosis has increased 300, skin diseases by 276% , cancer by 600%

The fact is that the rulers of the American Medical Association are laboring so hard to get the health regulations of the country under their exclusive control that they are extending their tyrannical, bureaucratic regulations broadcast over the whole country.

They are assuming to dictate what prophylactic methods and treatment must invariably be used for the promotion of health and the prevention of disease, and yet their teachings in such matters are subject to very frequent changes.

W. Van R. Blighton MD, 1916

1915

1915 – Wound Infections: and some new methods for the study of the various factors which come into consideration in their treatment – Colonel Sir Almroth Wright – READ

• Vaccine therapy for treatment of wounds – READ

1914

1914 – Whole-cell pertussis vaccine released??

• “Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou isolated Bordetella pertussis, a causative agent for whooping cough, in Paris more than 100 years ago, which created an excellent opportunity to invent a vaccine”…In 1914 the whole-cell pertussis vaccine was invented, then in the 1940s it was combined with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids to become DTP” – REF

1913

Berhing toxin-antitoxin inoculation mixture

1913 – Book: Modern Medicine: its theory and practice by Sir William Osler (The Father of Medicine) – Volume 1 – READ , Ch 20 “Diphtheria” Immunization – READ

• In 1913 “vaccination” pertains to ONLY “inoculation of vaccinia”. If any other pathogen is used in an injection it appears to be called “immunization by means of a vaccine” such as in the case of diphtheria – HERE
• “In the Infants’ Hospital in Boston, where children not over two years of age are treated, immunization was commenced in February, 1900.” Using serum
• Immunization by means of vaccine was tried by Petroschky in hundreds of children of whom only one developed diphtheria. Active immunization is still in the experimental stage. Its successful practical use is what is most required for the control of diphtheria.” Page 732 using toxin-antitoxin?
• “Of 12 carriers in our wards, 4 became negative in two weeks by the use of diphtheria vaccine, in doses of 1,000,000 to 10,000,000 every four to six days. Petruschky reported the treatment of 6 cases with injections of diphtheria bacilli killed by chloroform gas.” Page 732

May 8, 1913 – (Translated) German Medical Weekly Vol 39 No. 19, p. 873: About a new anti-diphtheria agent By E. Behring in Marburg (German) – READ, Ramon – CREDIT

• On active immunization against diphtheria. “It is known that Behring’s healing serum was also injected into healthy people to prevent infection, but that this method has had very little success because the undoubted protection only lasts for a very short time and because of the risk of anaphylaxis.”
• On April 18, 1913 “Behring …reported on a new protective agent, consisting of a pure mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin.” Using toxin-antitoxin mixture to treat people prophylactically
• Matthes demonstrated the first human to human serum transfer (passive immunization), providing “much longer lasting protection” than the usually the serum derived from a horse. Mortality from diphtheria is still reported high even with the horse derived serum.

1913 – Schick, B. (1913) Munch. med. Wschr., 60, 2608 – REF, ARCHIVE, The Schick test, developed in 1913, is a skin test used to determine whether or not a person is susceptible to diphtheria – WIKI

• “Schick (1923) when working out the method of diagnosis of susceptibility to diphtheria to which his name is attached injected intra-cutaneously a number of children with a diagnostic dose of diphtheria toxin followed later by a subcutaneous injection of antitoxin.” [should this be 1913? not 1923] re Schick test – REF

1911

Immunology – a new science – educating the public

1911 – The Homeopathic Recorder: “Immunology” – a new science – pg 189 – READ re JAMA – READ

• “Immunology.” — This new word, standing for a new science, is the latest. In brief, it is the science of injecting a product derived from the body of an artificially diseased beast into the body of the human animal to protect the latter from a possible disease.”
• “If a healthy wayfaring man were to start on a journey and come near another man with diphtheria, he would, if in care of the latest in modern medicine, receive a hypodermic injection of antitoxin, or several of them, according to the enthusiasm of his mentor. Passing on to the next town he might run into typhoid, in the next into the plague, and so on into cholera, tetanus, hydrophobia, small-pox, and possibly into some other diseases, for each of which he would receive into what was once a healthy body a different product from diseased animals for each disease” – The practical application of immunology

February 25, 2011 JAMA : Immunology: A medical science developed through animal experimentation by Dr. F. P. Gay – READ, READ The step by step development of immunology

1911 – The Homeopathic Recorder: US Army dispatched to Mexico were “inoculated with vaccine to protect them from typhoid fever” pg 186- READ

• “The Japanese medical corps “sent men to investigate and test the water, food and camp-grounds of their army, while the American medical scientists vaccinate and, presumably, assume that the men can drink infected water, eat bad food, have unsanitary camps, and escape all the consequences of these… Typhoid vaccination at best is but an experiment, an unwise thing to make on an army that may be badly needed, and an unjust thing to the human beings who have no choice in the matter.”

1911 – The Homeopathic Recorder: The Tuberculin “Test” (State Boards of Health) falses sense of secuity for diagnosing tuberculosis p 520 – READ

• The “chief objections are that it is positive in the presence of the slightest infections…on the other hand, be negative and fail to disclose a case of generalized tuberculosis…dependence on this test may lull authorities and the public into a sense of false security”… “A large amount of evidence has now accumulated in regard to the uses and limitations of the tuberculin test both in man and animals” (Lancet Sept 16, 1911)

1910

The year The Flexner Report was released!

September 17, 1910 – The Lancet: Vaccine Therapy: Its Administration, Value, and Limitations by Sir Almroth E. Wright pg 863 – READ, (via) Homeopathic Recorder (1911): The practice of “Vaccine Therapy” was introduced by Sir E.A. Wright about 6 yrs ago [c. 1904]- READ

• “As he [Wright] clearly shows, too much importance is frequently attributed to the presence of a particular microbe, when, as a matter of fact, the condition may be due to a mixed infection, and this, in his opinion, accounts for the failure of vaccine treatment in many instances”
• The Homeopath writes “All of this reads like the preliminary obituary of the Vaccine Therapy”
• [1910 The Lancet Vol 1″Theory of Opsonins” Wright pg 1738 – REF]
  • “Opsonins were discovered and named “opsonins” in 1904 by Wright and Douglas, who found that incubating bacteria with blood plasma enabled phagocytes to phagocytose (and thereby destroy) the bacteria”. – WIKI
  • Wright named antibodies “opsonins” or “bacteriotropins” – REF

July 1910 – The Homeopathic Recorder: “Serum Sickness” officially becomes a new term in medicine – READ

• The serum therapy “should be given in close intervals and not at intervals of several days” and “there is no way of knowing beforehand that a person is hypersensitive” [state medical science!]
• “The fact is that the manufacturers have skillfully worked the public up to the point where it is safer to give it regardless of effects rather than have a case die without it. It is a case of scientific advertising“

May 23, 1910 – Vaccine therapy, its administration, value and limitations: A Discussion on the Subject opened by Sir Almroth Wright – Royal Society of Medicine – READ

• The Rationale of vaccine therapy a “new therapeutic method” and a brief history lesson to date – REF
• “The medical man … ought to appreciate the fact that vaccines owe their efficacy to the reaction they set up in the tissues, and not to any action exerted directly by the vaccine upon the invading microbe.” Unlike the action of antiseptics who’s action is “exerted upon all microbes without distinction of kind” – REF
• He ought to understand how to adjust the dose to the requirements of the individual patient” [vaccines were used as treatments at the time of an infection in this situation, not as a prophylactic ahead of an infections]
• “As one looks back on the history of medicine, and recognizes that the successive applications of bacteriology stand out as great landmarks, one often wonders that medicine was not long ago swept along irresistibly into the channel of bacteriology” [Since ~1880s] – REF
• The limitations of vaccine therapy – READ
  • “(5) In long-standing infections vaccine therapy can give definite results only after a long succession of inoculations, and there is no security against a relapse until the infection has been completely extinguished.” – REF

1910 – The Homeopathic Recorder: Anti-Typhoid Vaccination – READ

• JAMA states US Army favors this vaccination – of 1,000 cases,122 had no reaction, 908 had mild, 60 moderate and 10 severe reactions.
• Homepaths state: “Consider a man vaccinated against small-pox, against typoid, against tuberculosis, rabies, tetanus and serveral other diseases, does anyone in his heart believe that that man can retain his health under the strain? Imagine a regiment vaccinated against everything for which a vaccine has been prepared, and another left to nature and a common sense sanitarian, would any sporting man put his money on the “protected” regiment?”

1910 – The Homeopathic Recorder – Antitetanic serum (Tetanus) – a comment to the JAMA works as a prophylactic but not as a treatment just trust us – READ

April 1910 – “By 1910, when C. V. Chapin published his classic book on The Sources and Modes of Infection, the role of the human carrier [of disease] was well established” – REF

“It now appears that the growth of disease germs outside of the body is not frequent enough to be an important factor in the causation of disease, but their growth in the body without causing sickness, their latency as it were, often for many months, is a factor of very great significance…

While some of the following pages may seem rather radical to many, I believe that practically all laboratory workers will agree with the contents of the first chapter, and that a large number of bacteriologists and health officers are convinced of the great importance of “carriers” and mild unrecognized cases.”

Influenza: “The rapidity with which epidemic influenza spreads, its sudden contemporaneous appearance at many distant points, and the difficulty of tracing the route of infection, render it almost certain that there must in this disease be many mild atypical cases, and many persons infected, but showing no symptoms.” – (1916) – REF

January 25, 1910 – (via) N.Y. State Journal of Medicine: Experimental Poliomyelitis by Simon Flexner – READ

Now, it is to be hoped that we have entered upon an era-of knowledge respecting the disease… that whatever knowledge we have now secured and are promised in the future, grows out of the fact that animals have been used for experimental purposes for the benefit of the human race in the investigation of this disease

Dr Simon Flexner, on using animals to test their “science”

1909

May 19, 1909 – Homeopathic Recorder: Homeopathy the Older School – an address by A. P. Stauffer M.D., President of the Homeopathic Medical Society of Maryland – READ,

• The article provides many insights into the state of “vaccine therapy” in the early 20th Century. Including Dr Almroth Wright’s experiments which mimic homeopathy!:
• “While clinical demonstration is proving the law of similars, the bacteriologist is also demonstrating the law of similars. Dr. Wright by the opsonins [see 1904] has established the law by biological methods. He observes that in using bacteria of a diseased organ, especially tuberculosis, and after diluting by injection into a number of animals in succession to dilute it, and using this serum in a small quantity by injection into the patient cures the lesion. He observed that the serum, if given in too large a quantity produced aggravation or symptoms similar to the disease. He also observed that the minimum dose, 7th or 8th dilution of Homoeopathy, not too often repeated, once or twice a week, produced the best results. His observations, therefore, reveal the law of similars, the single remedy, the minimum dose and the aggravation of a drug.”

1908

July 17, 1908 – Homeopathic Recorder – Doesn’t Believe in Pasteur by Mont. R. Leverson MD – READ

• Did Pasteur steal the “germ theroy” from Professor A. Bechamps “Les grande Problemes Medicaux” ?[READ] where he proposed the “microbic theory of disease, “la plus grande sottise scientifique de ce temps” (the greatest scientific stupidity of this time) – REF
  • Major Medical Problems ( Les grande Problemes Medicaux) – concerning the History of so-called organisms (French) the evolution of Bechamp’s own research – READ
• 1910 – Bechamps vs Pasteur – The Germ Theory – Bechamps had not been heard outside of France – READ
  • “It was Bechamp, and not Pasteur, who discovered the cause of fermentation, the cause of the disease of the silkworm and of phyloxera, the disease of the grapevines of France, and also the cause of the coagulation of the blood. He revealed the true functions of the glittering corpuscles, to which he gave the appropriate name ‘microzymas” which in sickness evolve into bacteria. The ordinary definition of microzyma is ‘a microbe or bacteria supposed to act like a fermetn in producing disease.”

1907

1907 – Book: Immunity In Infective Diseases by Elie Metcknifoff (translated from French) (1907) – READ

• Book: The Founders Of Modern Medicine Pasteur. Koch. Lister. by Elie Metcknifoff (1939), first published (1905) – READ, REF
  • “Hygiene and prophylaxis were in a rudimentary state. Only antivariolic (small pox) vaccination, worked out by Jenner at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th Centuries, show like a luminous object in the darkness all around.” [clarrifying the “type” of vacci-nation!] – REF
  • “A classic example of this is the vaccination of people with the contagious principle of human small-pox — variolation — or with smallpox from a heifer — vaccination.“- REF
  • [Note Poliomyelitis epidemic began US ~1907 – REF, was the source of that epidemic from calf lymph? REF]

1906

September 1906 – Annales de l’Institut Pasteur Vol 20 Iss 9: Le microbe de la coqueluche by Bordet and Gengou p. 731 – READ, CREDIT, 1906 “The whooping cough germ”

• Bortet and Gengou were able to isolate the Pertussis bacterium on their special medium.

1904

1904 – A Short Treatise on Anti-Typhoid Inoculation: Containing an exposition of the principles of the method and a summary of the results achieved by its application by Almroth. E. Wright MD (University of Dublin) – READ

• Ch I: On the principles of protective inoculation and the physiology of immunisation – READ
  • Machinery of immunisation a chemical machinery. “…the condition of immunity which is achieved appears at first sight to depend upon an exaltation of the power of phagocytes…I have shown…the appearance in the serum of a special class of protective substances – opsonins“…”The machinery of immunisation must…be conceived of as a purely chemical machinery. It is a machinery which elaborated, in response to the appropriate chemical stimulus, the particular internal secretions which is demanded for the purposes of immunisation” – REF
• Observations which show that the typhoid culture preserves its vaccinating efficacy after exposure to temperatures of 6o°-65°C (pg 20) – READ
  • The “bactericidal power of the blood is increased — sometimes as much as one-thousandfold — as the result of a single inoculation of a suitable quantum of a sterilised typhoid culture” (Wright Lancet, September 14, 1901)
• Mass cultures of Bacillus Typhosus and Standardisation of the Vaccine (pg 23) and dosage of anti-typhoid vaccine (pg 25) – READ
  • “For the present we must content ourselves with the fact that sterilised typhoid cultures have been shown to constitute a vaccine which will induce elaboration of the special varieties of anti-tropins that are required for the protection of the organism against typhoid.”
  • “It will presently emerge that the practical efficacy of the vaccine is borne out in a very distinct manner by the statistical records that set forth the results obtained by the actual practice of typhoid inoculation.” – REF [in other words, we’ll know how good it is after mass injections of the stuff]
• Ch III: On the technique of anti-typhoid inoculation and on the clinical symptoms which supervene upon the injection of the vaccine – READ
  • “When a suitable quantum of anti-typhoid vaccine, made from a suitable strain of typhoid bacillus, has been injected the local symptoms first make themselves felt after an interval of two or three hours. …In a case where a very toxic vaccine was employed, distinct local effects supervened in a quarter of an hour…”Ch 3 pg 39 – REF

1903

1903 – Special report on the supply of diphtheria antitoxin into the borough, England: READ,

• supplied free of charge for immunisation or treatment of diphtheria or membranous croup
• “By a series of the most careful and exact experiments scientists have now been able to produce an artificial antitoxin or antidote. This antidote is termed diphtheria antitoxin or anti-diphtheritic serum. When injected into the human system in cases of diphtheria it has precisely the same effect as the antitoxin formed in the human system itself, that is to say, it acts as an antidote and counteracts the effects of the toxin produced by the growth of the diphtheria bacillus“

1902

Statistical analysis of anti-typhoid inoculation (trials!) in the army

December 1902 – Dr A.E. Wright resigns from the Army (working on Typhoid vaccine) to work for St Mary’s Hospital (Dublin?) – READ, Where it appears he went to manufacture typhoid vaccine at the Pathological Department of St. Mary’s Hospital – REF [hmmm]

1902 – The Lancet Vol 2 – Causation and Treatment of Thrombosis Occurring in Connexion with Typhoid Fever – Wright, A. E. ; and Knapp, H. H. G., pg 1460 – READ, INDEX, CREDIT

September 6, 1902 – The Lancet Vol 2 – 0n the results which have been obtained by anti-typhoid inoculation by A.E. Wright MD Army Medical School – pg 651 – READ

• “The question of the utility of the process of anti-typhoid inoculation has been gradually solving itself by the accumulation of statistical materials” (presented within) of “the number of the inoculated and uninoculated” in the garrison of India and Egypt during 1900 inoculation period
• “Let it be noted that the conditions of statistical perfection are conditions which are practically unattainable in actual life.” Errors in the data!

1901

December 1901- First Nobel Prize in Medicine is awarded to E. Behring for antitoxin or serum therapy – TIMELINE

September 14, 1901 – The Lancet Vol 2 Iss 4072, pp 715-723 : On the changes effected by anti-typhoid inoculation in the bactericidal power of the blood, with remarks on the probable significance of these changes, A.E. Wright – READ, CREDIT [Unsure of correct reference]

• The “bactericidal power of the blood is increased — sometimes as much as one-thousand fold — as the result of a single inoculation of a suitable quantum of a sterilised typhoid culture” (Wright Lancet, September 14, 1901) – REF
• “There is in connection with all protective inoculation a risk to be considered…” – REF

July 1901 – Journal of Hygiene Vol 1, No 3: On the Formation of Specific Anti-Bodies in the Blood Following upon Treatment with the Sera of Defferent Animals, Together with Their Use in Ligal Medicine – Nutall and Binkelspiel pp367-387 – READ, READ

June 1, 1901 – The Lancet Iss. 4056: A further note on the technique of the quantitative estimation of the bactericidal power of the blood and (incidentally) on the possible application of such estimations on the standardisation of bacterial vaccines (third communication) by Almroth E. Wright – READ

• First communication The Lancet Iss. 4031, Dec, 1, 1900, p1556 : On a method of measuring the bactericidal power of the blood for clinical and experimental uses – READ
• Second communication The Lancet Iss. 4044, Mar. 2, 1901, p609 : On the quantitative estimation of the bactericidal power of the blood – READ

1901 – Neisser & Wechsberg – Showed “bactericidal action of an antiserum in vitro occurs only when bacteria and antiserum have been mixed in optimal proportions” – REF

1901 – Book: Immunity in Infective Diseases by Elie Metchnikoff – French (1901)- READ, translated to English (1905)- READ, CREDIT

The prevention of disease by the production of an acquired immunity is daily assuming greater importance. With the object of arresting the multiplication and dissemination of morbific germs, we are seeking, by artificial means, to render individuals, who may come in contact with them, refractory to their pathogenic action

Elie Metcknikoff

• “This question of immunity is, however, apart from its practical aspect, intimately connected with problems of pure theory. There can be no question that the marked pessimism developed during the century just closed was in a large measure prompted by the dread of disease and premature death, scourges against which humanity is as yet powerless“

1900

(1901-1904) Anti-typhoid bacterial vaccine experiments ramp up by Almroth E. Wright.

December 1, 1900: The Lancet Iss. 4031,: On a method of measuring the bactericidal power of the blood for clinical and experimental uses Almroth E. Wright p 1556 (communication 1) – READ, communication 3 – CREDIT

January 20, 1900- BMJ: Remarks on the Results which have been obtained by the antityphoid inoculations and on the method which have been employed in the preparation of the vaccine – A.E. Wright and Major W.B. Leishman (Army Medical School, Netley) – READ

• The method for attaining a “pure and perfectly sterile typhoid vaccine” material – REF
• Antityphoid inoculations were “inaugurated” at Netley in July 1896 with Major D. Semple R.A.M.C, published Jan 1897

1900 – US Deparment of Agriculture (USDA), Division of Entomology gains a new department head, Leland Howard, in September 1895 who is more “progressive” than his deceased predecessor and changes the pest control focus from biological to widespread chemical application starting with the public health topic of mosquito control – TIMELINE, READ

• Howard “promoted insecticides by highlighting a far more pervasive danger: mosquitoes, which had, after the 1900 discovery that they were linked to malaria, become the preeminent pest in America. Concern for the nation’s agricultural prosperity yielded easily to public health anxieties…” REF

1898

Diphtheria Toxin-Antitoxin injections began

1898 – “Earlier in 1898, Behring and F. Wernicke had found that immunity to diphtheria could be produced by the injection into animals of diphtheria toxin neutralized by diphtheria antitoxin.” and so was born the toxin-antitoxin injections. REF

May 1898 – Tri-State Medical Journal and Practitioner: Sudden Death Following an Immunizing Dose of Antitoxin – case report of a 15 year old (pg 239) – READ

• Student of 15 years complaining of a sore throat, he had been exposed to diphtheria. The administered dose of antitoxin “was made between the shouldners and a little to the left of the spine”! He was dead 35 minutes later.
• “Dr. Given Campbell said he did not believe the patient had died from the effects of the diphtheria antitoxin. He thought it might be the effects of psychic shock.” [men of “Medical Science”!]

May 1898 – Tri-State Medical Journal and Practitioner: The Therapeutics of Tetanus (p 241) – READ

• Reports for the past few years place it beyond doubt that the only and the real theraputic means for the treatment of teatanus lies in the [Behring’s] serum treatment. What a God-send is this over the oder and positively uncertain means formally used”
• Heddaeus “believes that preventative serum treatment deserves the best consideration” [meaning to use it as a “vaccine”]

May 1898 – Tri-State Medical Journal and Practitioner: The Patent on Antitoxin – Professor Behring has been granted a patent as the inventor of diphtheria antitoxin – “his claim is an offence to common morality” – (summary of the immunization HISTORY)- READ

• The principles uon which immunization to diphtheria was finally achieved were of gradual growth, the outcome of researches by thousands of untiring workers. The foundation of the workd was undoubtedly laid by Pasteur in his method of immunizing against chicken cholera and anthrax.
• a “contribution to the theory of prophylaxis“
• ‘Emerich and Aronson both dispute the priority of Behring, and the French Academy of Sciences awarded their prize for antitoxin jointly to Behring and Roux”
• “The principle which lies at the foundation of the invention of diphtheria antitoxin, and that which underlies all serum therapeutics, is that the blood of immune animals can be used in the treatment of others.
• …If to any single man must be ascribed the distinction of being the inventor and discoverer of the benefician plinciple of immunization, the honor belongs to the immortal Pasteur“
• Simpson didn’t patent “chloroform anesthesia” nor Lister “antiseptic surgery”

1897

First publication of anti-typhoid Vaccination, and measuring the resulting antibodies

June 5, 1897 – BMJ: Remarks on The Plague Prophylactic Fluid By W. M. Haffkine of Pasteur Instituted – READ, READ2

• June 26 – “The Queen has appointed Dr. W. M. Haffkine a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, and this recognition of M. Haffkine’s devoted labours in India for the prevention of cholera and plague by preventive inoculation will cause universal satisfaction.” – READ

March 13, 1897 – BMJ: The extension of the serum treatment of disease – READ

• Within the short space of a few weeks no fewer than three new therapeutic and prophylactic serums have been brought prominently forward, — Yersin’s experiments carried out in China and in Paris, …”quantities quite insufficient to produce antitoxin enough to be of value in the treatment or prophylaxis of bubonic plague,…
• In the meantime Haffkine has tried to utilise the bacilli themselves as a vaccine. Adapting his cholera inoculation method to bubonic plague, he seeks by injecting the dead or partially devitalised bodies of the plague bacillus to produce an active immunity or insusceptibility similar to that described above as occurring in the horse.”

February 13, 1897 – BMJ: Professor Haffkine’s Prophylactic Serum [against the plague bacillus] with which he has had the hardihood to inoculate himself; his statement is as follows – READ He fell ill following this – READ, Haffkine is referenced HERE, anti-choloera inoculation work in India- READ

February 13, 1897 – BMJ: ANTIVACCINATION ‘‘ IN EXTREMIS.” – READ

January 30, 1897 – The British Medical Journal: Remarks on Vaccination against Typhoid Fever – Almroth E. Wright and Major D. Semple – READ, READ This is the inaugural publication of the Antityphoid inoculations conducted at Netley in July 1896 – REF

• Discussed is the purpose of the vaccination and method of preparing the antityphoid vaccines

The object of all vaccination processes is, first, to achieve a degree of immunity which shall be equal or greater to that which accrues to a patient who undergoes and recovers from an actual attack of the disease; and, secondly, to achieve that immunity without any risk to life or health.

Principles upon which the proposed method of typhoid vaccination is based (1897) – REF

• Zooologist, Mr. Waldemar Haffkine “suggested rather more than twelve months ago to one of us that the method of vaccination which has proved so effectual in combating cholera epidemics in India might, mutatis mutandis, be applied also to the prophylaxis of typhoid fever.” (see 1892 and 1894)
• “Owing, in the first instance, to the researches of Pfeiffer on immunity against cholera, and, in the second instance, to the subsequent researches of Gruber and Durham on the differential diagnosis of bacteria by means of the serum of immunised animals [antibodies], we are now in possession of a method which enables us not only to detect the effect that a vaccination exerts on the blood of the patient, put also accurately to measure that effect.” – i.e. detect and measure antibodies
• “These vaccines are made from agar cultures of typhoid bacilli which have been grown for twenty-four hours at blood heat. The cultures which are thus obtained are emulsified by the addition of measured quantities of sterile broth. The resulting emulsion is then drawn up into a series of sterile and duly calibrated glass pipettes. The capillary ends of these pipettes are then sealed up in the flame so as to form vaccine capsules… ”
• “QUESTION OF RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THE ANTITYPHOID VACCINATIONS. “When we appreciate that the bacteria which are employed in these vaccinations are dead bacteria, and that they are incapable of generating new poison in the system, it will be obvious that the injection of small and measured quantities of these dead bacterial cultivations involves no more risk to life or health than the injection of a medicinal dose of morphine, That there is no unknown factor of risk in the case of the injection of bacterial toxines will be evident when we consider that Mr. Haffkine has performed nearly 100,000 anticholera inoculations without a death, and, as far as we can learn, without the supervention of a single serious symptom.” [Wow!]
• It is obvious that a vaccination process has little chance of being widely adopted unless immunity of a more or less durable character can be conferred. A person who submits himself to a vaccination process will always desire to have some guarantee that he will not require to be constantly reinoculated….[duration is unknown] …In the case, for instance, of small-pox, it has always been, and still is, impossible to tell whether a particular patient has lost his immunity and requires to be revaccinated.” [A 100 year old process!]

1896

September 19, 1896 Lancet: On the Association of Serous Haemorrhages with Conditions of Defective Blood-Coagulation by A. E. Wright – READ, CREDIT (Used the word “vaccination” use for Typhoid bacilli)

July 1896 – First inoculation injection of typhoid bacillus into humans and called “vaccination” (see Jan. 30, 1897 above)- REF

• “Our first vaccinations against typhoid were undertaken in the months of July and August [1896]” Wright & Semple (see Jan. 30, 1897 above) – REF

1895

December 19, 1895 – Wood County reporter (newspaper): Conquered at last – effectiveness of antitoxin fully proved, dread of Diphtheria gone – READ, Explore more newspaper articles – SEARCH

• Antitoxin began to be used in Paris in April 1894, and came into general use in September [1894]”.
  Johns Hopkins university study July-Aug, 1895 with 7,166 diphtheria cases treated with antitoxin…

October 1, 1895 – Hopkinsville Kentuckian (newspaper): Value of Antitoxin – Some Theories of Natural and Artificial Immunity – READ

• While electricity is taking its place as a motor agent, a new field of usefulness is opening for it…it supplies us with antitoxin – Diphtheria antitoxin introduced into USA December 1894
• Antitoxin is an anti-poison, an antidote for poison”

1894

September 1894, Vol 8 Iss 9: Annales de l’Institut Pasteur: CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF DIPHTHERIA (Serum Therapy) M.E. Roux and M.L. Martin p. 609 – (French) READ [used Google Translate]

• “Serum therapy has remained on the medical agenda since MM. Behring and Kitasato demonstrated the properties of serum from animals immunized against tetanus and diphtheria…”
• In practice tetanus serum …is still useful in tetanus, but it is not a certain remedy..too late by the time it is employed. [Check translation] Not the case for diphtheria serum…which have been using since 1891 in both animals and children.
• “When serum from an animal immunized against diphtheria [antibody serum] is added to diphtheria toxin, it becomes harmless… We can even inject the toxin first, and, several hours later, the serum; the animal will not perish…” – REF

May 24, 1894 – Zeitschrift fur Hygiene: On the treatment of diphtheria in humans with diphtheria healing serum by H. Kossel pg 489 – with case histories (German) READ

• For 1 1/2 years “I have been researching the use of diphtheria healing serum in children suffering from diphtheria”…when Behring Serum was available in sufficient quantities, I was commissioned by Privy Councilor Koch to work in the sick department of the Institute to start treatment.”

May 24, 1894- Zeitschrift fur Hygiene: About the use of diphtheria antitoxin by Paul Ehrlich. and H. Kossel from the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin pg 486 – (German) READ

• “After we had succeeded in obtaining considerable quantities of high-quality serum by immunizing larger animals against diphtheria, we considered it necessary to carry out experiments on as large a number of children as possible according to a uniform plan in order to test its effectiveness on sick people.”…the results were the best in those hospitals in which the largest doses were used.”
• They increased the dose “either by a single injection with a very high effect or by repeated administrations with a lesser effect.”…As far as the total consumption is concerned, we calculate 400 immunization units for mild cases, 1000-1500 immunization units or even more for severe cases.” In Children.
• “Of 55 children, 25 of whom were tracheotomized, 8 died. The deaths belong to certain categories, which we must claim are no longer amenable to therapeutic influence.

May 24, 1894 – Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift No 21: On the quantitative determination of diphtheria antitoxin solutions – Behring and O. Boer (pg 453) – READ

• Among the various serum therapeutic tasks that have to be carried out in laboratory work, the numerical determination of the antitoxin value occupies one of the most important positions. We have been working together on this task for years. In the following we want to first give a historical account of the development of the quantitative determination of antitoxins [discovery of specific blood antitoxins,] and then share the experimental results of a value determination using the currently used method. A detailed description of the individual experiments will appear later in the Journal of Hygiene.”
• “The quantitative antitoxin determination for tetanus antitoxin was carried out precisely by Behring and Knorr. In his book “Infection and Disinfection” Behring spoke about this in detail on pages 163 and 164 and in other places.” (Behring-Knorr’s calculation,)
• “For the diphtheria antitoxin, the final development of the same method did not take place until 1893, after Behring and Ehrlich had joined forces to work together. Until then, the valuation of diphtheria was by Von and Wernicke on the one hand, by Behring and Boer, on the other hand, have been carried out from essentially different points of view…”

May 17, 1894 – Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift No. 20: On the issue of Diphtheria immunization and healing – Prof Behring and Prof Ehrlich pg 437 – READ

• “We supply the diphtheria antitoxin both a) for immunization and b) for healing exclusively to designated doctors and hospitals.”… [a product they refer to as a “drug”] “Anyone who nevertheless uses our titer for their preparation runs the risk of being unpleasantly disavowed.” The reference Mr. Aronson…
  • a) We have not yet identified the antitoxin [antibody serum] dose required for safe, sustained immunization of humans.

March 1894- Antitoxin (antibody serum injections) began to be used in Paris in April 1894 – REF [Actually the newspaper article is incorrect, the use of diphtheria antitoxin serum in humans began in the diphtheria ward of the Institute for Infectious Diseases in Berlin, Germany, in 22 children, from March, April and May 1894 – REF]

March 1894 – Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, Russian Zooologist , began testing his Cholora “vaccine” on the poor in isolated villages on the outskirts of Calcutta, India – ARTICLE, REF, 2007 – REF,

• Haffkine travelled to India March 1993. He worked with team of Indian doctors and assistants, rather than the British, whom the villages had a distrust. Haffkine publicly injected himself to “prove he thought his preparation was safe”. His field trials using his cholera vaccine inoculations ran from March 1894 to 1896 – REF

1894 – German, Richard Pfeiffer began his studies with cholera infection and immunity which led to a revolution in our conception of acquired immunity from bacteria. – REF Studies on cholera etiology – READ

• “Pfeiffer injected cholera spirilla into the peritoneal cavity of guinea-pigs that had been immunized by means of subcutaneous inoculations of this microorganism. Whereas in the normal peritoneum the spirillum increases rapidly in numbers and leads to a fatal infection, in the immunized peritoneum the vibrios are found to undergo rapid lysis; preparations made at intervals from the peritoneal exudate show increasing numbers of deep-staining granules which finally replace the normal vibrios entirely. Coincidentally with this “bacteriolysis” the animal recovers. Pfeiffer further showed that although his serum obtained from immunized guinea-pigs had in itself no destructive power for the vibrios in vitro, it would, when mixed with them and injected into the peritoneal cavity of normal guinea-pigs lead to the specific form of lysis.”
• By 1894, Richard Pfeiffer (Robert Koch’s pupil)…demonstrated that antibodies caused the disintegration of cholera vibrios. These he called “bacteriolysins.” – REF

1893

Haffkine develops first bacterial disease vaccine – anti-cholera vaccine

April 27, 1893 -Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (German Medical Weekly) : For the treatment of diphtheria sufferers with diphtheria healing serum – Behring, Boer and Kossel – (2 parts) No 17 – READ, and May 4, 1893 No 18 – READ, REF

February 11, 1893 – The Lancet: Injections Against Cholera: A Lecture by M. Haffkine p 316 – READ, CREDIT, Haffkine’s paper had to be translated into English, read by Dr Ruffer.

February 4, 1893 – British Medical Journal: On Haffkine’s method of vaccination against Asiatic cholera. Wright AE, Bruce D, pg 227–31 –READ [written immediately after Haffkine’s visit to Britain]

1892

Haffkine develops first bacterial disease vaccine – anti-cholera vaccine

1892 (in the lab) – Journal of Medical Biography: Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860-1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India by Hawgood (2007) – READ, History – PDF

• “Haffkine had developed an anti-cholera vaccine at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, in 1892. From the results of field trials in India from 1893 to 1896, he has been credited as having carried out the first effective prophylactic vaccination for a bacterial disease in man. When the plague pandemic reached Bombay, Haffkine became bacteriologist to the Government of (British) India (1896-1915)…In 1902 19 people in Mulkowal (Punjab) died from tetanus poisoning as a consequence of antiplague vaccination” developed by Haffkine, he was “exonerated only in 1907”. Indian Institutes were named after Haffkine – REF
• Pierre Roux (1853–1933) brought Haffkine into the laboratory of microbial technique where he took part in preparing the course in general bacteriology that Roux and Metchnikoff had initiated.

1892 – Zeitschrift fur Hygiene (Hygiene magazine): On the treatment of diphtheria-infected guinea pigs with chemical preparations by Oscar Boer pg 154 – READ

• “Behring’s experiments proved that guinea pigs, which, according to other experiences, die of typical guinea pig diphtheria within 30 hours at the latest without treatment after infection with diphtheria bacilli, can be saved with great certainty if local treatment is given immediately after infection is carried out with iodine trichloride solutions….However, this treatment has a number of undesirable side effects..”
• “I call the sublimate, the mercury oxyeyanide, sublimate with added lithium chloride; then the gold sodium chloride and the gold potassium cyanide; silver nitrate, carbolic acid, cresol in soap solution, creolin, lysol, naphthylamine, cumene; also the methyl violet, which Stilling called pyoctanin, and the malachite green.” [no wonder the old school doctors looked favourable on antitoxin serums..]

1891

1891 – In 1891 first child treated, the 1892 he started the first human trials of the diphtheria antitoxin, but they were unsuccessful. Successful treatment started in 1894, after the production and quantification of antitoxin had been optimized – REF

1890

They use a lot of guinea pigs in animal experiments! Behring and Kitasato discover Diphtheria bacteria and Tetanus bacteria secrete a toxin – the property which causes the disease

1890 – The Homoeopathic Publishing Co,: Five Years’ Experience in the New Cure of Consumption – READ, PDF, The Homeopathic Recorder – comparing Burnett’s cure to Koch – CREDIT

• “The difference between Dr. Burnett’s Bacillinum and Koch’s “Lymph“ is this: the former is the virus of the disease itself while the latter is the same virus artificially obtained in an incubator by means of heat and beef jelly. Both proved their remedies. Dr. Burnett, on himself, in the regular Homoeopathic way and Dr. Koch by a subcutaneous injection on himself…
  • Dr. Burnett’s remedy has to all appearances cured a great many cases of what were, to all appearances, well marked consumption.
  • Dr. Koch’s remedy has not cured a single case of consumption. Dr. Burnett’s remedy has harmed no one, while Dr. Koch’s is suspected of having caused the death of scores.” – READ

December 11, 1890 – Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift no 50: Investigations into the development of diphtheria immunity in animals Dr. Behring p1145 (German) – READ

• Diphtheria culture was grown in broth with iodine trichloride

December 4, 1890 – Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (German Medical Weekly) no 49: Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-Immunität und der Tetanus-Immunität bei Thieren (On the development of diphtheria immunity and tetanus immunity animals) Dr. E. Behring and Dr. S. Kitasato p1113 (German) – READ, READ

• “In our studies on diphtheria (Behring) and tetanus (Kitasato), which have been ongoing for a long time, we have also approached the therapeutic and immunization questions, and with both infectious diseases we have succeeded in curing infected animals as well as in pre-treating healthy ones that she no longer suffers from diphtheria or suffer from tetanus.”
• It “is necessary to prove the correctness of the following sentence: “The immunity of rabbits and mice that are immunized against tetanus is based on the ability of the cell-free blood fluid to render harmless the toxic substances produced by the tetanus bacilli.” – conducted mouse experiments with a control
• “In 1890 Behring and S. Kitasato published their discovery that graduated doses of sterilised broth cultures of diphtheria or of tetanus bacilli caused the animals to produce, in their blood, substances which could neutralize the toxins which these bacilli produced (antitoxins). They also showed that the antitoxins thus produced by one animal could immunize another animal and that it could cure an animal actually showing symptoms of diphtheria.” – REF, REF2
• They also found “that by treatment with certain chemical substances the toxins of diphtheria and of tetanus could be weakened so as to be better supported by laboratory animals; animals treated with these, weakened toxins became immune from doses of the whole toxin that were fatal to the normal animal. – REF
• “It was work on toxin-induced immunity which lead to the demonstration by von Behring and Kitasato in 1890 that immunity to tetanus follows injection of tetanus toxin was the result of the appearance of a ‘factor’ in the serum which neutralized the toxin. This anti-toxin activity could be transferred to normal animans by injecting serum from immune animals. It thus appeared that the body is able to respond to infectious organisms or injurous substances by producing serum components which would combine with these ganets and neutralize their effects. These components were thus called ‘antibodies‘ and the agents provoking their production were termed ‘antigens‘.” – REF
  • [From here, until mid 1900s the terms antitoxin, serum therapy, antiserum, sera all refer to antibody products used for “immunizing”, “immunizing treatments” and likely other terms – it’s very confusing.]

1890 – Zeitschrift für Hygiene : About antibacterial properties of different types of blood serum. A contribution to the immunity question. by Von Behring and F. Nissen, p 412 – READ, CREDIT

• “They demonstrated that the blood-serum of guinea-pigs that had been immunized against the Vibrio metchnikovi, would kill these micro-organisms better in vitro than would the serum of normal guinea-pigs.” – REF

November 1, 1890 – Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift: I. Weitere Mittheilungen über ein Heilmittel gegen Tuberculose (I. Further information about a cure for tuberculosis) – Robert Koch (German) – READ, PDF, CREDIT

August 1890 – At a press confrence Robert Koch dramatically announced that he had discovered a cure for tuberculosis – the miracle substance was subsequently revealed to be tuberculin, inoculated as a ‘vaccine therapy‘ – REF, CREDIT

• Because of Koch’s reputation, the “vaccine therapy” was quickly taken up by physicians around the world. In a study that followed “it was found patients who received it were more likely to die than recover and that there were many cases of their infection rapidly progressing” – REF Koch’s reputation was grievously damaged

1890 – “Contribution to the study of acquired immunity.” Roger – (translated from German/French) REF

• “Vaccination [La vaccination] causes chemical modifications in the body which make the humors and tissues unfavorable to the growth of the microbe, against which the animal has been protected.”
• [The term “vaccination” used in reference to inoculation other than with cowpox.]

1889

1889 – Kitasato succeeded in obtaining a pure culture of the Tetanus bacillus – REF

1888

Roux and Yesin are the first to demonstrate Diphtheria bacteria secrete a poisonous substance, and is the cause of the diphtheria Disease

1888 – The word “toxin” was coined in 1888 by Ludwig Brieger to qualify different types of poison released by bacteria. – REF

December 1888 – Annales de l’Institut Pasteur: CONTRIBUTION A L’ETUDE DE LA DIPHTHERIE (Contribution to the Study of Diphtheria) | Vol 2, Iss 12, by Émile Roux and Alexandre Yersin, pg 629 – READ, CREDIT

• Roux and Yerson were the first to find in filtered cultures of the diphtheria bacillus a substance that was fatal for guinea-pigs in very small doses. – REF, REF

• Roux and Yersin were “medical doctors at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, took another big step when they showed that a substance secreted by the bacteria was the particular culprit. In the lab, researchers grew the bacteria bathed in a broth; after siphoning off the fluid and filtering it to remove any cells, Roux and Yersin found that the fluid contained a potent toxin. Small doses of the diphtheria toxin could do great damage in susceptible animals. So the scientists mixed the toxin with an iodine solution, which made it far less deadly.” – REF

July 5, 1888 – Zeitschrift für Hygiene Vol IV : Experimente über die bacterienfeindlichen Einflüsse des thierischen Körpers – Nuttall G. H. F., pp 353-394 – READ, Bacterial properties of the blood adn other fluids of the body – CREDIT

1887

1887 – In 1887 Roux and Chamberland immunized animals against malignant edema with sterilized anthrax cultures – REF

1887 – Sewall immunized pigeons against the poison of rattlesnakes – REF

1886

“bacterium coli commune” is published by Theodor Escherich (the bacterium today is knowns as Escherichia coli)

1886 – Die Darmbakterien des Säuglings und ihre Beziehungen zur Physiologie der Verdauung (1886) by Theodor Escherich – READ, WIKI

• It was also the publication where Escherich described a bacterium which he called “bacterium coli commune”, the common colon bacillus now known as Escherichia coli. – (German) READ, REF
• Theodor Escherich: The First Pediatric Infectious Diseases Physician? (2007) – READ

1885

Pasteur’s develops Rabies (Hydorphobia) inoculation treatment – Disease Prevention by Inoculation using animal passage to increase virus virulance, before attenuating it with Dry, sterile air.

December 25, 1885 – Buffalo Med Surg J.: Hydrophobia and Pasteur’s Experiments – READ, PDF

• The “prevention and cure” of Hydrophobia or Rabies is claimed. But the “validity of these “cures” must, of course, be left to the test of time”! – REF
  • Since the dog that bit Joseph Mister was immediately killed it was not certain if it had Rabies

Already he has won the veneration of our profession by demonstrating that Jenner’s great discovery of vaccination was not an isolated and empirical fact, but that it was only a single member of a united family held together by the great scientific law, that disease may be abbreviated or prevented by the inoculation of a modified or attenuated virus of the same.

Medical Sciences “great scientific law” – READ [virus means “poison”]

• Pastuer’s “method of attenuation is to transmit hydrophobia from rabbit to rabbit by intracranial inoculation, until, after some fifteen transmissions, [or up to 25 times] the shortest period of incubation and the greatest degree of virulence have been attained. Then the spinal cord is taken from an animal dead of the disease, and it is suspended in a perfectly dry tube. Here it is kept, and the virulence of the poison is found to gradually diminish, until it at last disappears on about the fifteenth day…”
• This same “atenuation process” was followed by Haffkine 1893 for anticholera inoculation develpment – REF

October 31, 1885 -Daily Evening Bulletin Kentucky: No more hydrophobia: Dr Louis Pasteur’s cure for the mad dog’s bite – READ, CREDIT, REF , The Daily Globe – READ Pasteurs Rabies experiments began November 1882 – REF

• RE M. Louis Pasteur’s paper read in the French Academy of Sciences on October 26, 1885. by December 27, 1885 is translated into English – READ

• Pasteur was not commonly known in Americans at the time. His saving of the silk worm industry helped France pay reparations back to Germany faster! – READ
• The process is commonly called “inoculation” [not vaccination”

…inoculation is not limited to human beings. It was really by inoculation of silk worms that Pasteur saved our sick industry from the destruction that threatened it years ago.

Dr Grancher speaking on behalf of M. Pasteur

• The Principle of Pasteur’s Treatment of Hydrophobia in brief:

“Pasteur’s treatment of hydrophobia consists in producing, during the period of incubation of the disease, and artificial immunity in the person bitten by a radid animal. This is accomplished by inoculation the individual on successive days with virus of different degrees of activity, commencing with a very attenuated virus and using on each succeeding day a virus of greater intensity”

1891

1885 – The Pasteur Institute was established, funded by the manufacture of Pasteur’s animal anthrax vaccine (chemically treated not attenuated by exposing to air??) – REF

1885 – Modern Medicine (1913) Tetanus pathogen is discovered (or first published) by Nicolaier – READ Just Notes:

• In 1885, Nicolaier discovered the Bacillus tetani. It is a long, slender rod, one end of which is often occupied by a spore; this distends the cell into a pin or “drumstick” shape… Kitasato was the first to make pure cultures; this is difficult, since the presence of the smallest amount of oxygen interferes with their growth… The bacilli can be isolated from the wound in which they develop, but do not enter the circulating blood…
• Brieger has obtained two poisons from sterilized pure cultures, terming the one “tetanin” and the other “tetano-toxin,” both being virulent poisons. These alkaloidal substances cause the tonic spasms, so that tetanus is classed as an intoxication.
• Immunity: Behring and Kitasato have produced artificial immunity in animals by the inoculation of cultures of the tetanus bacillus after the addition of iodine trichloride to diminish their strength.”
• The use of “antitoxin” is noted as a “treatment”

1884

Diphtheria bacillus discovered by Klebs and Loeffler, Tetanus bacillus discovered by Nicolaier, Typhoid bacillus isolated by Gaffky

1884? – Fredrick Loeffler, a German bacteriologist, took the diphtheria microbe which Prussian pathologist Edwin Klebs found in 1883, blocking airways of patients with diphtheria. Loeffler grew it in the lab, and using “Koch’s Postulates” demonstrated the pathogen was the cause of the diphtheria disease. The bacterium came to be known as the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus (later, Corynebacterium diphtheriae). – REF

• Freidrich Loeffler (1884), and Emile Roux and Alexandre Yersin (1889) noted the presence of virulent diphtheria bacilli in the throats of healthy individuals, as well as the persistence of infecting organisms during convalescence. …It was in connection with the cholera epidemic of 1892 and 1893 that the significance of the human carrier was first realised. – REF

1883

Cholera Bacillus discovered by Koch

1883 – Robert Koch (1843–1910) had shown the bacterium Vibrio cholerae to be the causative agent of Asiatic cholera. – REF

1882

Metchnikoff’s phagocytic theory of immunity

November 1882 – Pasteur begins his Rabies inoculation experiments in dogs and rabbits. He presents his results Oct 1885 – REF

May 1, 1882 – Pall Mall Gazette: Chinese immunity from disease READ, why were Chinese allegedly less impacted from disease? Ancient Chinese medicine?

1882 – In 1882 Elie Metchnikoff “began recording his observations on the function of the white blood corpuscles in protecting the body from disease,…Metchnikoff was able to show that the outcome of the infection depends entirely on the completeness with which the blastomyces is engulfed by the leukocytes of the host. He was soon after able to demonstrate that frogs and mammals also combat experimental bacterial infection by a similar process of phagocytosis.” –REF, pg 519 READ

• Immunity in Infective Diseases by Elie Metchnikoff – English (1905)- READ, French (1901)- READ
• “Metchnikoff (1882) produced evidence …to support the view that phagocytosis (‘cellular eating’) of microorganisms by leucocytes was the major host defence against infection. His views were bitterly opposed by the proponents of the antibody (humoral) hypothesis of host protection.” It would not be until 1903 when Sir Almroth Wright “showed that antibodies actually aided the phagocytosis of bacteria” Wright called this opsomization – ” Thus both cells (phagocytes) and antibodies were shown “necessary for an effective host response to infection.” – REF

1882 – London Society for the Abolition of Compulsory Vaccination: Testimonies of Medical Authorities on Vaccination. With index, distinguishing by an aserisk such as treat of animal lymph (cow, horse, or calf), without reference to arm to arm vaccination – READ, The societies paper The Vaccination Inquirer (1880) – EXAMPLE, more publications – SEARCH

• “The opposition to compulsory vaccination is based mainly upon two propositions:
  • First, that vaccination, which was claimed by Jenner and his immediate followers to afford immunity from small-pox for life, does not afford immunity either for life, or for any portion of life, and
  • secondly, that the operation is always attended with danger, and is sometimes fatal.”
• “These testimonies demonstrate that the failures of vaccination to protect were coincident with the introduction of the Jennerian rite, and it is no longer denied that numerous cases of small-pox were discovered amongst patients who had received virus from Jenner’s own lancet”…- REF

1881

Louis Pasteur introduced the concept of “attenuating the virulence” of organisms so that they could be used as live vaccines. Did he commit fraud?

October 12, 1881 -Second International Anti-Vaccination Congress: Sanitation, Not Vaccination, The True Protection against Small-Pox – READ

• “…Leicester Free Press, it is said : — ” So far as we are concerned in Leicester, a town containing 120,000 inhabitants, with many thousands of unvaccinated children, smallpox seems to be about the least dangerous of all diseases, and is not to be named by the side of scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough, diarrhcea, or even consumption. If a case of small-pox is discovered, instant isolation is adopted, and during the last five years we have hardly had five deaths. That being the state of the case, one need not wonder that the fear of the disease should disappear, or that resistance to vaccination should increase.” [Leicester abolished compulsory vaccination] – REF

May 5, 1881 – Pasteur’s demonstrated his Anthrax vaccine on sheep at Pouilly-le-Fort from May 5-31, 1881 – WIKI

• At Pouilly-le-Fort, Pasteur used a vaccine attenuated by potassium dichromate, employing a process similar to Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint’s, who had published a means of attenuation by another antiseptic, carbolic acid. Pasteur never gave proper credit to Toussaint and his discovery. [unsure year of Toussaint’s work]

March 21, 1881 – Pasteur reported testing his vaccine in sheep was superior to Toussaint‘s work – READ, CREDIT

• The Private Science of Louis Pasteur. Princeton by Geison GL. (1995) – READ
• Pasteur received credit for developing the first successful vaccine against anthrax. “Toussaint subsequently published only 2 more scientific papers before he died in 1890 at the age of 43, after suffering a mental breakdown.
  • It was not until 1998, that the French government officially recognized Toussaint’s vaccine as the first effective vaccine against anthrax.” – REF
  • Toussaint use an “old method of inoculation against anthrax…the first of its kind, which has had to give way to the method of M. Pasteur. simply because Pasteur’s method was based upon a virus of fixed strength and produced results with certainty, conditions which were wanting in the former method.” –REF
• “It is noteworthy that Robert Koch, who became one of Pasteur’s chief competitors, hailed Toussaint as the worthy inventor of vaccination against anthrax, and persistently denigrated Pasteur’s contributions to microbiology” – REF

February 28, 1881 – Comptes Rendus des Seances de L’Academie des Sciences | Vol 92, Iss 9: De l’attenuation des virus et de leur retore a la virulence (On the attenuation of viruses and their return to virulence) by L. Pastuer with Chamberland & Roux, pg 429-435 – READ, CREDIT where virus means poison in Latin

• “In this publication, Pasteur claimed that he could attenuate the anthrax organism by simply culturing it in air at elevated temperatures” – REF
• Pasteur “thus introduced the concept of attenuating the virulence of organisms so that they could be used as live vaccines. Audaciously, he speculated that all microbial diseases could be prevented this way: one only had to learn how to culture the offending agent. Of course we now know that it is not quite as simple as Pasteur originally claimed, particularly for bacterial infections.”

• “The first inoculation of twenty-four sheep, one goat and six cows with an attenuated anthrax culture took place on the 5th of May, 1881″ – REF
• “Louis Pasteur first proposed that the solution to infectious diseases was to culture the microbes and attenuate their virulence, so as to use them as vaccines.” – REF
• The “vaccine introduced by Pasteur in 1881 was in fact not the live attenuated vaccine that Pasteur had suggested he used at the time. Instead, the vaccine was a chemically killed vaccine that had been developed and introduced by one of Pasteur’s rivals, a Dr. Toussaint, who was a veterinarian from Toulouse, France.” – REF
• “Pasteur did not announce the discovery of his own “live attenuated” anthrax vaccine until February 28, 1881. Of significance, Pasteur linked his new vaccine with his earlier chicken cholera vaccine by ascribing attenuation in both cases to the action of atmospheric oxygen. However, there was an important difference between the production methods of the two vaccines. Unlike the chicken cholera microbe, the anthrax bacillus formed spores that “resisted the attenuating effects of atmospheric oxygen”” – REF

1880

Pasteur’s application of inoculation with an attenuated bacteria, and demonstrating resistance to formation of disease following challenge with new culture – Ushers in of the Golden Age of Bacteriology

Not quite 100 years since being coined by Jenner, the term “Vaccination” is no longer reserved for smallpox inoculation (vaccina-(inoculA)tion) – the use of the term in literature from here on becomes confusing.

December 1880 – The first International Anti-Vaccination Congress was held – REF

1880 – A History of Public Health – The golden age of bacteriology is ushered in with the discovery of pathogens linked to disease and the desire to control them. [beginning more 1870] – REF

• Pasteur observed “that virulence of pathogenic microbes could be modified under various conditions. Thus, between 1880 and 1888, Pasteur began to investigate the modification of virulence in disease-producing germs. Following the lead provided by Jennerian vaccination, he conceived the idea of preventing infectious diseases by means of vaccines prepared from such attenuated strains. Of the greatest import were the results of Pasteur’s work on chicken cholera, swine erysipelas, and rabies, researches that led to the development of immunology and that were to have a profound and practical impact on the creation of a scientific public health program at the beginning of the twentieth century” – REF
• The term “vaccine” no longer solely attributed to vacca, and vaccines inextricably linked to “public health”.
• Extending from this period:
  • The work of Koch “led to the development of technical methods for the cultivation and study of bacteria” so as to obtain pure cultures. – REF
  • Where as Pasteur’s work turned attention to “the mechanisms of infection” and the development of the “prevention and treatment of contagious disease”. Pasteur refocused the term “vaccine” and “vaccination” to be applied to all pathogens not just variola vaccinia, from where the term is derived. – REF

August 1880 – “the question of “live vs. dead” vaccines.”In August, 1880, soon after announcing his heat killing method of vaccine production, Toussaint switched his procedures and had begun to subject the bacilli to the action of carbolic acid, which had long been used as a disinfectant and had more recently become famous as Joseph Lister’s “antiseptic” of choice for the treatment of surgical wounds.” – REF

July 12, 1880 – Toussiant’s result of his attenuated vaccine against anthrax are presented to the French Academy of Sciences – he reduced virulance by a chemical manner using carbolic acid. – REF, WIKI

February1880 – Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire Année Vol 57: On virulent diseases, and in particular on the disease commonly called chicken cholera. Pasteur L., pp. 125-135 – PDF, READ vaccine for chicken cholera

1878

Germ Theory of Disease

1878 – Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l’ Academie des Sciences | Vol 86: La theorie des germes et ses applications a la medicine et a la chirurgie. (Germ theory and its applications to medicine and surgery) L Pasteur, C Chamberland, J Joubert, pp 1037–1043 – READ, CREDIT

• in April of 1878, just two years after Koch’s revolutionary publication proving the microbiological cause of anthrax, Pasteur presented a “Summary” to the Academy of Sciences, essentially claiming priority of the germ theory of disease … Koch had already demonstrated the culture of the anthrax microbe two years earlier.- REF

1877

July 16, 1877 – Weekly reports of the sessions of the Academy of Sciences: Physiological Chemistry – Anthrax and septicemia. Note from Pasteur and Mr Joubert (French) – READ, READ, CREDIT

• Re previous meetings from April 30, 1877. “To rule out any hypothesis of the simultaneous existence of a virulent material associated with the bacteridia in the anthrax blood,… In summary, anthrax must be called today the disease of bacteridia…” either in the “form of filaments or that of corpuscles”.
• ““At a local slaughterhouse, [Pasteur] obtained anthrax-infested blood from the carcasses of a horse, a sheep and a cow,” Lehrer writes. That blood formed part of the basis of a paper he published in a French science journal about a month later—the beginning of research into anthrax that would be important to developing the first vaccine for anthrax” – REF

1876

Anthrax, the first disease proven to be caused by a microbe, by Robert Koch

1876 – Beitrage zur Biologie der Pflanzen Vol 2: Die aetiologie der milzbrand-krankheit, begrundet auf die entwicklungsgeschichte des bacillus antracis (The aetiology of anthrax disease, based on the evolutionary history of Bacillus antracis) Koch R., pp 277–310 (German) – READ, CREDIT

• Anthrax was the first disease proven through experimentation to be caused by a microbe by Robert Koch, making “anthrax central to the history of medicine”. – REF
• Koch “was the first to succeed in changing the thread-like microscopical corpuscles identified by others (in France) into identifiable filaments (chains of rods) and then into beads consisting of minute grains, the spores. This great discovery of the spore of anthrax removed all doubts regarding the role of bacteria in the causation of anthrax, for it illuminated all points hitherto left unexplained.” – REF
• With this finding “medical bacteriology was ready to be born” – REF

1868

October 19, 1868 – Louis Pasteur was “struck by cerebral congestion” and remained partially paralysed as a consequence – REF, READ, CREDIT (Google translated)

Major Medical Problems ( Les Grande Problemes Medicaux) – concerning the History of so-called organisms (French) the evolution of Bechamp’s own research – READ

• On March 21,1869 Pasteur claimed to have been researching silk worm for the “past 5 years” to “discover a preventative means for the disease which decimates silkworms” [which would make it c. 1863 or 1864]
• But according to (Comptes Rendus, t. LXI, p. 506) Pasteur noted arriving in Alais on June 7, 1865 “to take care of the pebrine“, which is when his work on silkworms would have begun –REF
• Prof Bechamp declared “Pasteur’s illness was the consequence of panic, following the disappointment of not having succeeded, in 1868, to investigate the disclosure of his plagiarisms and deceptions” – REF

1867

September 21, 1867 – BMJ: On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery. Joseph Lister Vol 2 pg 246 – READ, CREDIT

• The founding of “antiseptic medicine” was credited to surgeon Sir Joseph Lister, not Semmelweis who proposed washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions between visiting patients, a major conflict with the medical establishments way of thinking! – TIMELINE

• In 1864, while working at Glasgow University as Professor of Surgery, Jospeh Lister was introduced to Pasteur’s germ theory of disease, and decided to apply it to the problem of surgical infections.” – READ
• The “antiseptic principle“, as Lister termed it, was first applied on August 12, 1865, and his report of the results appeared in the Lancet between March and July 1867.” Acceptance of Lister’s “technique and the principle underlying it was neither rapid nor widespread” – REF

1857

1857 – Comptes Rendus des Seances de L’Academie des Sciences | Vo 45: Memoire sur la fermentation appelee lactique. (ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. — Memoir on fermentation called lactic acid) – Pasteur L., pp. 913–916 – READ, CREDIT

• “Louis Pasteur’s demonstration in 1857 that fermentation of lactic acid into alcohol and carbon dioxide was actually caused by living organisms (animal infusoria), and not by the then popular theory of “spontaneous generation”, set the stage for the importance of microbes in everyday processes” – REF
• “It takes very little of this yeast to transform a lot of sugar. These fermentations must preferably be carried out sheltered from air, otherwise they are hampered by vegetation or parasitic infusoria…”Lactic fermentation is therefore, as well as ordinary alcoholic fermentation, a correlative act of the production of a nitrogenous material which has all the appearance of an organized mycodermic body probably very close to brewer’s yeast. But the difficulties of the subject are only half resolved. Its complication is extreme. Lactic acid is the main product of fermentation to which it gave its name….”
• No longer was “spontaneous generation” responsible for fermentation

1855

1855 – Max von Pettenkofer (1818-1901) founder of scientific hygiene and sanitation, in 1855 “had suggested that healthy human carriers could transmit cholera, but this hypothesis was not substantiated until the end of the century.” – REF [Asymptomatic infection conceived]

1853

1853 – In 1853 the Anti-Vaccination League was formed in London – REF

1853 – Vaccination Act 1853, compulsory vaccination policy was introduced into parliament by Lord Lyttelton, as a private member. The bill passed through both Houses without opposition, and with hardly any debate except on points of detail – REF The benefits of vaccination was simply believed

• “The expediency of making vaccination universal I took, as I believed, on common notoriety, and the medical authorities I chiefly consulted were Dr. Seaton and Dr. Marson.” Lord Lyttelton in 1869, in reply to what evidence he had to bring in the bill
• In the House of Lords he said, “It is unnecessary to speak of the certainty of vaccination as a preventive of the smallpox, that being a point on which the whole medical profession had arrived at complete unanimity.”
• “The Act of Parliament of 1853 had no section devoted to the “Definition of Terms”; there was no definition of cowpox or genuine vaccine, an omission all the more remarkable that variolous matter was then being used as vaccine, on the pretext that it had “ passed through the cow. Although a medical dogma was therein established by the State, the doctrine was not formulated….”

1847

1847 – “Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-1865), in 1847, independently had discovered the clue to puerperal fever. As the latter put it, “Puerperal fever is caused by conveyance to the pregnant woman of putrid particles derived from living organisms, through the agency of the examining fingers.” Because of backlash and abuse “Holmes retracted his professorial settee to seek solace in the arms of literature…” – REF

1840

1840 – Source of polio-like disease noted as first appearing in the US in1840 as noted in The Homeopathic Recorder (1916) p 527 – READ Souce in 1984 noted as smallpox vaccine

A man told us the other day that this disease [poliomyelitis like symptoms] first appeared in 1840. It appeared after the practice of inoculating calves with small-pox virus for the production of vaccine lymph was tried. That, he said, was the source of the disease at that period.

The Homeopathic Recorder (1916) p 527

1804

1804 – In 1804, Georg Gottfried Zinke first transmitted rabies from a rabid dog to a normal one, and from dog to a rabbit and a hen, by injection of saliva. This proved that the disease was infectious. Rabies was known as hydrophobia – REF

The post Historical “vaccine” notes – in the pursuit of artificial “immunity” first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

There are established regulatory pathways for “vaccines” but not for “gene therapies”. In 2020 a gene therapy technology that encoded an “antigen protein” was accepted as a “vaccine”. If the only change to that product (now considered a platform technology) was to change the mRNA code to one that encodes a human protein, would it still be accepted as a “vaccine”?

Other pages on this website with additional information and context –

• Australia’s Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) – HERE
• Australia’s OGTR did NOT assess the new gene technology vaccines – HERE
• Australia’s TGA and Regulation Timeline – HERE
• COVID-19 enquiries – HERE
• Revelations from the Pfizer FOIA Documents – HERE, and Moderna FOIA docs – HERE
• Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) Technology (gene therapy delivery vehicle, for gene transfer) – HERE
• Can “vaccine” modified RNA impact human DNA? – HERE

Links in reverse chronological order

This page is continuously be updated as new data points come to my attention

2024

April 11, 2024 – Report 98: FDA Selected Its ‘Vaccines Advisory Committee’ – Not Its Gene Therapy Advisory Committee – to Recommend the COVID Injections for Emergency Use, to Hide the Fact that the Products Are Not Vaccines But Gene Therapies – READ includes notes from VRBPAC meetings

• “Why Did the CDC Change the Definition of ‘Vaccine’ and ‘Vaccination’ in September 2021, 10 Months After EUA Was Granted to Pfizer and Moderna for Their COVID-19 Drugs?…Was this for commercial reasons?
• “The Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 drug products were labelled as “vaccines” well before the “vaccine” definition changed, and the FDA assigned VRBPAC as the advisory committee reviewing the COVID “vaccines”-related data as early as May of 2020. But, are these COVID drugs truly “vaccines,” or are they gene therapies, as defined by the FDA? The distinction matters since it drives the review and approval processes for the drugs.” See Table 1: VRBPAC or CTGTAC?
• “This improper categorization of the drugs as “vaccines” rather than gene therapies, provided the public a false sense of security that they would be protected from illness, when in fact the modified mRNA drugs were built on a novel platform with no long-term safety or efficacy record.”…The gene therapy testing and approval process is decidedly more demanding”
• FDA’s guidance regulations for vaccines…vaccine products “shall meet generally accepted standards of purity and quality.” versus Gene Therapy products “only product lots that meet defined specifications or acceptance criteria are administered during all phases of clinical investigation and following market approvals.” In “FDA’s own words, that gene therapy products undergo a much more thorough level of scrutiny.”

March 7, 2024 – Therapeutic Goods Regulations (1990) – definition of “gene therapy” – READ, PDF

• “gene therapy means the in vivo transfer of DNA or RNA into the cells of human recipients”
  (nothing is stated about integrations into DNA) – source, PDF

January 17, 2024 – The European lobby Kangaroo Group, hosted a lunch in the European Parliament with Members with BioNTech and Moderna as key speakers, to discuss the forthcoming revision of “European Commission’s proposal for a reform of the EU General Pharmaceutical Legislation (GPL)”. EU- ARCHIVE, KG – ARCHIVE, PDF, CREDIT

• Their objective to effectively change the definition of gene therapy, under which their COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are classified, and to create a “definition of Platform Technologies, as well as a clear demarcation between Gene Therapies Medicinal Products that alter human genomes, and those that do not (e.g. mRNA).”

January, 2024 – FDA: Guidance for Industry: Human Gene Therapy Products Incorporating Human Genome Editing –PDF (updated!), ARCHIVES, Jessica Rose – CREDIT GE = genome editing

• “Viral vectors may support sustained expression of GE component transgenes, and nanoparticles may allow the temporal delivery of GE components as DNA, RNA, or proteins” [lipid nanoparticles can replace the virus vector!]
• “When administered in vivo in the form of DNA, RNA and/or protein via nanoparticles, the GE components are considered the active pharmaceutical ingredients or drug substances.” i.e. the genome editing materials are for the sake of the regulator considered the active ingredient!
  • The SV40 promoter contaminant is also a GE component of the Pfizer mRNA injectable products
• “Assessment of bio-distribution should be conducted to characterize the distribution, persistence, and clearance of the GE product, any expressed GE components in vivo, editing activity in target and non-target tissues, and the potential for inadvertent germline modification.” [they skipped this step with the mRNA injectable products]

2023

January 12, 2023 – Full Fact: Andrew Bridgen wrong to call mRNA vaccines gene therapy – READ

January 6, 2023 – Fierce BioTech: Pfizer pivots from early-stage rare disease R&D, shifting to external innovation and putting assets up for sale – READ

• They will “pullback from new viral-based gene therapies and early-stage rare disease work in general”. [so much for being a gene-therapy leader announced in 2016 – REF], now wanting to be “best positioned to generate high-impact medicines and vaccines.” [of course they do!]

2022

July 4, 2022 – TGA Advanced Therapies: Report on ‘Cell, Gene and Tissue Regulatory Framework in Australia – A stakeholder engagement report on Advanced Therapies prepared for the Therapeutic Goods Administration – READ, Report – PDF, ARCHIVE

• In November 2021 the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) commissioned MTP Connect to conduct a stakeholder review of the regulatory framework for gene, cell and tissue therapies in Australia.
  • Medical Technologies and Pharmaceuticals Growth Centre (MTP Connect) “is Australia’s Life Sciences Innovation Accelerator – supporting Australia’s vibrant medical products sector…an independent, not-for-profit organisation established by the Australian Government to champion the continuing growth of Australia’s vibrant medical products sector” – WEB, Established November 2015 as part of the $248 million Industry Growth Centres Initiative – ARCHIVE, Factsheet –
• “Any biological or prescription medicine that involves genetic modification must also be approved by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR). OGTR approval is needed before TGA approval… ” REF
  • [Yet COVID-19 mRNA “vaccines” and their approved “platform”, which are genetically modified, gene therapy, biological medicines escaped this oversight!]
• European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidance
• Reference to FDA – Cellular & Gene Therapy Products which is regulated by Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) including vaccines – READ, ARCHIVE
• MTP Connect: mRNA Lecture Series 2: Lecture Three – Preparing for Disease X , speakers Moderna, WHO and Doherty institute [Moderna’s factory is being built in Mebourne!] – READ, ARCHIVE
  • First lecture series “mRNA Victoria” – READ, ARCHIVE, WEB
  • Monash RNA – home to Australia’s largest network of RNA and mRNA researchers. – WEB
  • August 9, 2022 – Victorian mRNA Innovation Hub (VMIH) – $5.4M – VMIH is a world-first collaboration between Monash University, the University of Melbourne, Doherty Institute and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences to develop next-generation vaccines and therapeutics to treat a range of diseases. – REF, WEB
    • The funding, which is part of the state government’s mRNA Victoria Activation Program initiative aims to develop new technologies that will underpin mRNA therapeutics and vaccines that are more effective, cheaper and faster to produce.

May 10, 2022 – Australian Dept Health: Is it true? Can COVID-19 vaccines alter my DNA? – ARCHIVE

• “The Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine uses a fragment of messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct your body to make an immune response against COVID-19.” [Deceptive initial comment, and only 5 short sentences]
  • [The mRNA instructs the body to produce a foreign protein, which is hoped that the body produces an immune response to the protein, not the mRNA. The hope is that mRNA does not elicit an immune response, which is why they changed uridine to pseudouridine]
• No mention of the DNA contamination in the “vaccine” vials!

March 3, 2022 – Dave Martin files lawsuit in Utah: lawsuit, Griner v. Biden et al in the U.S. District Court in Utah on behalf of Devan Griner, MD – READ, Uncover DC – PDF – READ, LISTEN, WATCH

• Dave Martin insists Insists the Injections are Gene Therapy Medical Devices – the body becomes a biological (weapons) factory, manufacturing foreign protein (in the case of an antigen code), the product does not stimulate any immunity, it is an instruction to make a “scheduled pathogen” – a genetic sequence derived from SARS coronavirus – WATCH
• Using the term “vaccination” was intended to mislead the public”, confuse and build expectation. It should have been called “gene therapy” as stated in the SEC filing in 2019 and 2020 – REF
• Moderna was set up as an outgrowth of 10 year National Science Foundation study on “gene therapy”
• In the The United States, since 1905, the Public Health Policy, says that the state public health agencies are entitles to do police powers on public health if they can disrupt infection or transmission. There is NO police power that has ever been granted, in any circumstance, for any reason, for a treatment.”

January 10, 2022 – Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA): A NEW catagory has been added to TGA website called Advanced Therapies, under which gene therapies suddenly appears! – ARCHIVE, READ,

• Quitely added to the website with NO press release or statement – ARCHIVE, unable to find regulatory change around this time – READ
• Any biological or prescription medicine that involves genetic modification must also be approved by the Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) [WOW! COVID-19 mRNA vaccines missed that step in 2020!]
• “We regulate therapies that involve in-vivo genetic manipulation of human cells as prescription medicines under section 23 of the Act. This includes small silencing RNAs, CRISPR and other gene editing technologies, and gene therapies administered by vectors.”
• Advanced Therapies defined : Advanced therapies or advanced therapy medical products is a term used to describe innovative therapies. International regulators use this term to include gene, cell and tissue therapies. – READ
  • November 21, 2019 : Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for new and emerging technologies: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) – Presentation – ARCHIVE

2021

November 29, 2021 – World Health Summit 2021: Stefan Oelrich (Bayer): mRNA vaccines are Gene Therapy – WATCH, BACKUP, CREDIT, more VIDEOS

“Ultimately the mRNA vaccines are an example for that cell and gene therapy. I like to say that if we had surveyed two years ago, in the public, ‘Would you be willing to take gene or cell therapy and inject it into your body?’ we would have probably had a 95% refusal rate.”

Stephan Oelrich from Bayer at World Health Summit in 2021 (Nov 29, 2021)

August 10, 2021 – Reuters Fact Check: mRNA vaccines are distinct from gene therapy, which alters recipient’s genes – READ

January 4, 2021 – CDC: Bust Myths and Learn the Facts about COVID-19 Vaccines – COVID-19 vaccines do not alter DNA – ARCHIVE, all ARCHIVES, READ

Messenger RNA vaccines—also called mRNA vaccines—are the first COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the United States. mRNA vaccines teach our cells how to make a protein that triggers an immune response. The mRNA from a COVID-19 vaccine never enters the nucleus of the cell, which is where our DNA is kept. This means the mRNA cannot affect or interact with our DNA in any way. Instead, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines work with the body’s natural defenses to safely develop immunity to disease.

At the end of the process, our bodies have learned how to protect against future infection. That immune response and making antibodies is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies.

CDC: Will a COVID-19 vaccine alter my DNA?

2020

December 18, 2020 – CDC: Understanding mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines – New Approach to Vaccines – ARCHIVE [The plan all on one page – no mention of gene therapy though]

• “mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine to protect against infectious diseases.”
• “…That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies.” [that failed!]
• “They do not affect or interact with our DNA in any way.”
• “mRNA Vaccines Are New, But Not Unknown…Researchers have been studying and working with mRNA vaccines for decades. Interest has grown in these vaccines because they can be developed in a laboratory using readily available materials. This means the process can be standardized and scaled up, making vaccine development faster than traditional methods of making vaccines.” [there you have it in a nut shell – the platform goal, taking a gene therapy model to vaccine]
  • “mRNA vaccines have been studied before for flu, Zika, rabies, and cytomegalovirus (CMV)” – optative word “studied”, not fully assessed or ever before brought to market.
• “As soon as the necessary information about the virus that causes COVID-19 was available, scientists began designing the mRNA instructions for cells to build the unique spike protein into an mRNA vaccine.”
• “Future mRNA vaccine technology may allow for one vaccine to provide protection for multiple diseases, thus decreasing the number of shots needed for protection against common vaccine-preventable diseases.” [Frankenstein territory]

December 15, 2020 – GAVI: Will a mRNA vaccine alter my DNA? – ARCHIVE

June 30, 2020 – The FDA termed these COVID-19 mRNA drugs gene therapies. Moderna’s Q2 2020 quarterly report stated, “mRNA is considered a gene therapy product by the FDA…” – REF

January 12, 2020 – Moderna design mRNA “gene therapy” vaccine sequence in one hour, two days after the Chinese novel-CoV virus gene sequence was made public, and following discussions with their partner the NIH – TIMELINE

2019

November 21, 2019 : Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for new and emerging technologies: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) – Presentation – ARCHIVE, PDF

• Advanced Therapies which include gene, cell and tissue treatments was added to TGA industry Jan 10, 2022

August 21, 2019 – AskBio Applauds Pfizer’s Continuing Investments in Gene Therapy – READ, (see 2003 below)

• Pfizer announced a $500 million investment in a state-of-the-art gene therapy manufacturing facility that is based on Dr. Samulski’s and AskBio’s AAV technology discoveries.” Using adeno-associated virus (AAV) to deliver corrected genes to cells with genetic defects.
• Pfizer’s AAV therapeutic platform was made possible when they purchased Bamboo Therapeutics from AskBio in 2016 – READ
  • The AAV groundbreaking gene therapy technology is the basis for treating a wide variety of diseases, including several diseases in AskBio’s clinical portfolio such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (transferred to Pfizer as part of the Bamboo acquisition)
• 2024: AAV is driving today’s therapeutic discoveries and is used in the only two FDA-approved gene therapies currently available – READ, ARCHIVE

May 7, 2019 – Moderna Blog: Advancing the Frontiers of Our Platform Science – ARCHIVE

• “Today, we described our program of advancing new delivery technologies toward creating a generation of mRNA-based immune system therapeutics. This includes exciting translational work demonstrating that our novel immune nanoparticles are able to deliver mRNA to a significant proportion of T cells, Natural Killer cells, B cells and myeloid cells.We demonstrated that we can express functional proteins in vivo across multiple preclinical species, and ex vivo in human blood.” [sounds a lot like gene therapy]
• The latest science behind evading the innate immune system

March 13, 2019 – Moderna submitted their Form 10-K Annual Report to the Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) – FDA recognises mRNA products as “gene therapy” and regulatory pathway uncertain – TIMELINE, IMG,

• “Currently, mRNA is considered a gene therapy product by the FDA“
• In that same filing they state “because no product in which mRNA is the primary active ingredient has been approved, the regulatory pathway for approval is uncertain. The number and design of the clinical and preclinical studies required for the approval of these types of medicines have not been established…”

2018

July 25, 2018 – FDA: What is Gene Therapy? – ARCHIVE, READ

• July 2018 – Draft Guidance for Industry: Long Term Follow-Up After Administration of Human Gene Therapy Products – PDF
• “Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or cure disease.” As noted in the diagram below the direct delivery of RNA can be non-viral such as lipid nanoparticles

• “Clinical studies in humans require the submission of an investigational new drug application (IND) prior to initiating clinical studies in the United States.”
  • So what are the IND rules? (July 20, 2022) – READ

2017

December 14, 2017 – PRESS RELEASE: Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. Launches New Portfolio Company – Actus Therapeutics, Inc. – READ, ARCHIVE (enzyme replacement therapy), Actus website – ARCHIVE

• Feb 1, 2017 – Scientists ready to test gene therapy for Pompe disease “…gene therapy designed by Duke University researchers to improve treatment for the genetic disorder Pompe disease is set to enter a Phase 1 clinical trial” – READ, STUDY, REF

November 15, 2017 – Moderna’s first in-human Phase 1 “cancer vaccine” clinical trial – TIMELINE

2016

November 29, 2016 – AGTC: Gene Therapy Explained – how gene therapy, delivered by AAV vectors, works – WATCH, AGTC is a startup company – WATCH,

• Applied Genetic Technologies Corporation (AGTC) was founded by five scientific leaders in the use of viral vectors for Gene Therapy and began operations in 2001 – REF, AGTC website dates back to 1996 – ARCHIVE, and was founded 5 years earlier ~1991 – REF ,begining with DNA/RNA lab tool – REF

August 1, 2016 – Pfizer: Pfizer aims to become industry leader in Gene Therapy with Aquisiton of Bamboo Therapeutics Inc – ARCHIVE, Pfizer gene therapy – WEB

• Jude Samulski, Chief Scientific Officer and Executive Chairman of Bamboo Therapeuitics and a leading expert in the field of rAAV vectors with more than 25 years of experience, will be joining Pfizer. Dr. Samulski, together with the Bamboo team, will play a key role in helping to develop and accelerate Pfizer’s capabilities in gene therapy.” (Dr R. Jude Samulski consults to the FDA on gene therapies, also see AskBio 2003 below)

July 12, 2016 – NIH | Genetics Home Reference: What is gene therapy? (page launch) – ARCHIVE, PDF, CREDIT

• Several approaches to Gene therapy. Simply introducing the new gene into a patient’s cells. One key intent is to get the body to make protein.

“Gene therapy is designed to introduce genetic material into cells to compensate for abnormal genes or to make a beneficial protein.

What is gene therapy? – PDF, READ

• Some types of virus, such as retroviruses, integrate their genetic material (including the new gene) into a chromosome in the human cell. Other viruses, such as adenoviruses, introduce their DNA into the nucleus of the cell, but the DNA is not integrated into a chromosome”

• Adeno virus vector – just like Oxford/AstraZeneca’s “COVID-19 vaccine”

January 20, 2016 – NC biotech Center Press Relase: Bamboo Therapeutics Gearing Up to Treat Deadly Childhood Neurological Diseases – ARCHIVE, Bamboo Therapeutics website – ARCHIVE

• Bamboo Therapeutics – latest biotechnology company co-founded by entrepreneurs Sheila Mikhail and R. Jude Samulski, Ph.D., director of the Gene Therapy Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill – to treat devastating childhood neurological diseases with next-generation gene therapy – ARCHIVE, SOURCE, Bamboo is a spinout of Asklepios Biopharmaceutical (AskBio) a gene-delivery technology company co owned by Samulski et al.

• Bamboo has been operating as a virtual company in Chapel Hill with seed money from angel investors, foundations and the motivated parents… [22% stake or $43 million by Pfizer – REF]
• August 1, 2016 – Bamboo Therapeutics acquired by Pfizer for total of $645M – ARCHIVE, Pfizer Gene Therapy – READ

2015

2015 – TGA website: Acronyms & Glossary – Definitions – ARCHIVE, READ

• no definition for “Gene Therapy” on the web page yet it is defined in the TG Regulations!

2014

2014 – In 2014, Pfizer established within the company’s Rare Disease Research Unit the Genetic Medicines Institute (GMI) in London, UK, which is a dedicated gene therapy research group under the direction of leading gene therapy researcher Michael Linden. …Pfizer has research agreements with several leading academic institutions… –REF

2010

September 2010 – In September 2010, the Food and Drug Administration issued final regulations addressing the safety reporting requirements for investigational new drug applications (INDs) – REF

• “The emergency use of an unapproved investigational drug or biologic requires an IND…The need for an investigational drug or biologic may arise in an emergency situation that does not allow time for submission of an IND.” – REF

2009

May 28, 2009 – CDC: Cellular & Gene Therapy Products – first ARCHIVE

The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulates human gene therapy products – products that introduce genetic material into the body to replace faulty or missing genetic material, thus treating or curing a disease or abnormal medical condition.

• FDA has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale, but R&D is happening at a fast pace.

2006

March 29, 2006 – Uni North Carolina Chapel Hill | News Relese: First human clinical trial in the United States for gene therapy for muscular dystrophy now under way – ARCHIVE , Today AskBio has a divesture and license agreement with Pfizer – REF [This on post took me down a rabbit hole – Dr Samulski evolved into an FDA influencer,his journey started ~2000]

• The clinical trial for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) tests the safety and effectiveness of a therapy that was developed over two decades by scientists at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill’s School of Medicine and the University of Pittsburgh.
• In the trial, six boys with DMD will receive replacement genes for an essential muscle protein. Each of the boys will receive replacement genes via injection into a bicep of one arm and a placebo in the other arm.
• “The therapy was made possible by the pioneering research in [adeno-associated virus] AAV by Dr. Richard Jude Samulski, professor of pharmacology and director of the Gene Therapy Center at UNC…”
• Using new Biostrophin^TM therapy – by Asklepios BioPharmaceuticals, Inc. (AskBio) is cross licensed with GlaxoSmithKline, …AskBio will gain exclusive access to selected recombinant adeno-associated virus vector (“rAAV”) serotypes that GSK licensed from the University of Pennsylvania – REF, Biostrophin product claimed launched 2010 – REF, but not in their news? – HERE
  • AskBio is a private development-stage biotechnology company, which was spun out of the University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill.
  • [curously University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) owns an Aug 2006 patent for mRNA pseudouridine with Weissman and Karikó – TIMELINE, READ, then worked with Acuitas Therapeutics’ LNP in Nov 2014 ]
• Jan 7, 2021 – AskBio Applauds Commencement of Pfizer’s Pivotal Trial for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy – Phase 3 trail begins with new drug candidate PF-06939926 in CIFFREO trial [seems Biostrophin didn’t work out] – READ
• “Dr. Samulski is a former member of the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC), a committee tasked with assisting the FDA with approving or disapproving gene therapy clinical trials in the United States. Dr. Samulski also frequently serves as a gene therapy consultant to the FDA. In 2008, Dr. Samulski was recognized by the American Society of Cell and Gene Therapy with the Inaugural Lifetime Achievement Award for his work.” – REF

2004

July 9, 2004 – US Department of Energy: Human Genome Project – “Gene Therapy” – ARCHIVE

• “In most gene therapy studies, a “normal” gene is inserted into the genome to replace an “abnormal,” disease-causing gene. A carrier molecule called a vector must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient’s target cells. Currently, the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA. Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the virus genome to remove disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes.”
• “Another nonviral approach involves the creation of an artificial lipid sphere with an aqueous core. This liposome, which carries the therapeutic DNA, is capable of passing the DNA through the target cell’s membrane.”
• “The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale. Current gene therapy is experimental and has not proven very successful in clinical trials. Little progress has been made since the first gene therapy clinical trial began in 1990. In 1999, gene therapy suffered a major setback with the death of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger….”
• “”Another major blow came in January 2003, when the FDA placed a temporary halt on all gene therapy trials using retroviral vectors in blood stem cells. FDA took this action after it learned that a second child treated in a French gene therapy trial had developed a leukemia-like condition…”
• Limitations of gene therapy includes:
  • “Immune response – Anytime a foreign object is introduced into human tissues, the immune system is designed to attack the invader. The risk of stimulating the immune system in a way that reduces gene therapy effectiveness is always a potential risk. Furthermore, the immune system’s enhanced response to invaders it has seen before makes it difficult for gene therapy to be repeated in patients”.
  • Also Short-lived nature of gene therapy, Prombles with viral vectors and multigene disorders

2003

2003 – Asklepios Biopharmaceutical Inc. (AskBio) is a private development-stage biotechnology company, which was spun out of the University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill (UNC) Biotech Centre. – ARCHIVE, website ARCHIVES

• AskBio is “engaged in the development and delivery of novel protein and cellular based therapies through design of proprietary Biological Nano Particles^TM (BNP)” technology platform – ARCHIVE, which will become known as adeno-associated virus (AAV) – READ
• By 2021 AskBio claim they started in 2001,and are a subsidiary of Bayer AG acquired in 2020, and Pfizer launches first Phase 3 trial for DMD – REF

February 14, 2003 – Dolly the Sheep, the first cloned mammal, is euthanised at age 6 (1996-2003) – READ

• “Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way.”

January 14, 2003 – FDA: FDA placed temporary halt on all gene therapy trials using retroviral vectors in blood stem cells – ARCHIVE, CREDIT

• The FDA’s Biological Response Modifiers Advisory Committee (BRMAC) – “took this action after it learned that a second child treated in a French gene therapy trial had developed a leukemia-like condition.” Treated for “bubble baby syndrome.”

2002

May 12, 2002 – New Scientist: DNA nanoballs boost gene therapy – ARCHIVE, CREDIT – nano particles enter nucleus!

• “Scrunching up DNA into ultra-tiny balls could be the key to making gene therapy safer and more efficient. The technique is now being tested on people with cystic fibrosis.”
• Researchers at Case Western Reserve University and Copernicus Therapeutics are able to create tiny liposomes 25 nanometers across small enough to enter the nuclear pores and carry therapeutic DNA through pores in the nuclear membrane!
• “The nanoparticles consist of a single DNA molecule encased in positively charged peptides and are themselves delivered to cells via liposomes. In cells grown in culture, there was a 6000-fold increase in the expression of a gene packaged this way compared with unpackaged DNA in liposomes.”
  • [Now think short length DNA contamination wrapped in LNP in Pfizer’s mRNA COVID-19 “vaccine” – does that have the potential to get into the cell nucleus and incorporate into chromosomes?]

2000

September 2000 – FDA: Fundamentals of Gene Therapy – ARCHIVE, FDA Consumer Magazine – SOURCE

• “DNA, carry the information needed to make proteins, the building blocks of our bodies. The body buries genes deep in the heart of every cell, the nucleus, and organizes them in the chromosomes that hold the DNA. But when your DNA is damaged, it no longer makes all the needed proteins and disease results….”
• “To reverse disease caused by genetic damage, researchers isolate normal DNA and package it into a vector, a molecular delivery truck usually made from a disabled virus. Doctors then infect a target cell —usually from a tissue affected by the illness, such as liver or lung cells—with the vector. The vector unloads its DNA cargo, which then begins producing the missing protein and restores the cell to normal.”

September 2000 – Human Gene Therapy and The Role of the Food and Drug Administraion – ARCHIVE, TIMELINE

• FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) began to regulate the emerging market of human gene therapy products, which fall under the legal definition of a “biologic”
• It was reported that since 1989 to September 2000, the FDA had “received about 300 requests from medical researchers and manufacturers to study gene therapy and to develop gene therapy products” – purpose to find cures for genetic diseases.

July 14, 2000 – Australian Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute joint initiative: Gene Therapy Research Unit – ARCHIVE, REF

1999

December 15, 1999 – NIH | Secretary of Health and Human Services | Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Xenotransplantation (SACX) – ARCHIVE, SACX – ARCHIVE, with in the Office of Biotechnology Activities

November 19, 1999 – NIH | Office of Biotechnology Activities: Recombinant DNA and Human Gene Transfer – ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE

1998

March 1998 – HHS | FDA: Guidance for Industry – Guidance for Human Somatic Cell Therapy and Gene Therapy – PDF

• “Recently, various innovative therapies involving the ex vivo manipulation and subsequent reintroduction of somatic cells into humans have been used or proposed”…
• “Gene therapy is a medical intervention based on modification of the genetic material of living cells. Cells may be modified ex vivo for subsequent administration to humans, or may be altered in vivo by gene therapy given directly to the subject.”

1996

July 5, 1996 – Roslin Institute, Edinburgh: Dolly the Sheep is born, marking the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA – ARCHIVE, CREDIT, WIKI, Roslin Institute – CLONING – READ Dolly is euthanised in Feb 2003

• “In 1996, Roslin Institute and collaborators PPL Therapeutics created Dolly, the first animal cloned from a cell taken from an adult animal….Nuclear transfer is not a new technique. It was first used in 1952 to study early development in frogs and in the 1980’s the technique was used to clone cattle and sheep using cells taken directly from early embryos.” – REF
• PPL Therapeutics is a world leader in the application of transgenic technology to the production of human proteins for therapeutic and nutritional use.” – ARCHIVE, The web domain discontinued by 2005 – ARCHIVES
• Dolly was mated Nov 1997 and “had a little lamb” called Bonnie – ARCHIVE

1996 – University of North Carolina (UNC) at Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina School of Medicine created the Gene Therapy Center in 1996 with the goal of merging molecular genetics research with healthcare delivery. The facilities comprise the Vector Core (est 1994) and the Human Applications Laboratories ,- ARCHIVE, WEBSITE

• Dr. Richard Jude Samulski, professor of pharmacology became the first director of Gene Therapy Center– REF
  • Jude Samulski and team pioneered the research & developed of a virus known as adeno-associated virus (AAV), and in 1996 published a report of the first muscle gene delivery involving an AAV vector.
  • “Samulski has long pioneered methodologies for making viruses deliver genes. As a graduate student at the University of Florida in the early 1980s, his thesis project was developing the AAV as a vector for therapeutic genes.” In 1986 he moved to University of Pittsburgh and his first graduate student was Xiao Xiao, who had just come from China.
  • “Xiao and Samulski put their projects together and formed Asklepios BioPharmaceutical Inc. (AskBio) in 2003. Along with the rights granted by UNC to Samulski’s AAV vector technology, AskBio acquired the intellectual property rights to Xiao’s uniquely miniaturized dystrophin gene

Gene transfer can be broadly defined as the introduction of new “foreign” genes, usually in the form of DNA, into the individual cells of the body.

If a normal copy of the defective gene can be transferred into a cell, it is anticipated that the normal protein product derived from the “new” gene would supply the missing function in a cell and consequently cure the cellular dysfunction.

UNC Gene Therapy Centre

1995

July 11-12, 1996 – FDA & NIH: FORUM 1996: GENE THERAPY – PDF, SOURCE

1993

October 14, 1993 – HHS | FDA: Federal Register: Application of Current Statutory Authorities to Human Somatic Cell Therapy Products and Gene Therapy Products – PDF, CREDIT

• The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is making available, through this document, a statement of the manner in which FDA’s current statutory authorities governing therapeutic products apply to human somatic cell therapy products and gene therapy products.

Human gene therapy seeks to modify or manipulate the expression of a gene or to alter the biological properties of living cells for therapeutic use. FDA generally considers human gene therapy products to include all products that mediate their effects by transcription or translation of transferred genetic material, or by specifically altering host (human) genetic sequences.

Some examples of gene therapy products include nucleic acids, genetically modified microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi), engineered site-specific nucleases used for human genome editing, and ex vivo genetically modified human cells…

• Additionally

Public Health Service Act (the PHS Act)… (42 U.S.C. 262(a)) identifies a biological product as “any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product, or analogous product, or arsphenamine or its derivatives (or any other trivalent organic arsenic compouod), applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases or injuries of man.”

Licenses are to be issued upon a showing that the establishments and products “meet standards, designed to insure the continued safety, purity, and potency of such products * * *.”…A biological product’s effectiveness for its intended uses must be shown as part of the statutory requirement for potency (21 CFR600.3(s)).

• At the investigational stages, when the products are being studied in clinical trials to gather safety and
  effectiveness data, biological products must meet the requirements…
• The “safety” and “effectiveness” for a biological product i.e. vaccine, is (maybe only) assessed during clinical trials. Thus COVID-19 vaccines only had barely 2 months of “safety” assessment before unblinded – TIMELINE
• “Some products may contain a combination of biological products and drugs or devices. Under a provision of the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990, FDA determines the primary mode of action of the combination products (21 U.S.C. 353(g)), then assigns the primary jurisdiction for review of the product within the agency based on that determination.”
  • LNP/mRNA complex products are such combination chemical LNP + synthetic modified gene code (biological or chemical?)

Gene therapy products are defined for the purpose of this statement as products containing genetic material administered to modify or manipulate the expression of genetic material or to alter the biological properties of living cells.

Some gene therapy products (e.g., those containing viral vectors) to be administered to humans fall within the definition of biological products and are subject to the licensing provisions of the PHS Act, as well as to the drug provisions of the act. Other gene therapy products, such as chemically synthesized products, meet the drug definition but not the biological product definition and are regulated under the relevant provisions of the act only.

September 1993 – Janet Woodcock was the Director of FDA’s Office of Therapeutics Research and Review. – REF

• Why is this interesting? Woodcock was the FDA rep in 2020 that thwarted hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin’s use for COVID-19 early treatment, an act that allowed novel COVID-19 vaccines to be authorised under EUA. – Steven Hatfill EXCERPT, EXCERPT, EXCERPT

1993 – The Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO) a biotech lobby group, is created through the merger of two existing organsation – ARCHIVE, TIMELINE

• The merger of the Industrial Biotechnology Association and the Association of Biotechnology Companies both small Washington-based biotechnology trade (and lobby) organizations…

1990

September 14, 1990 – First gene therapy clinical trial was conducted on a 4-year-old girl named Ashanthi DeSilva to fix a genetic defect – TIMELINE, FDA: Human Gene Therapy – ARCHIVE

1975

February 24, 1975 – Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA is held – TIMELINE

• In 1975 Berg organised the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA ( rDNA), to put safeguards in place as making hazardous microorganisms now became possible, the guidelines were adopted but have “have gradually been diluted and disregarded.”
• “Genetic engineering has always worried the general public. When scientists first learned to clone genes in the mid-1970s, public reaction ranged from antipathy to hostility. Opponents, fearing that genetically engineered bacteria might escape from a laboratory, shut down the research at Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for months. Twenty-five years ago, in response to public concern, American scientists organized a voluntary moratorium on certain types of gene engineering experiments until safety questions could be resolved.” FDA Human Gene Therapy- REF, Read more – HERE

1971

1971 – Gene Splicing Technique is Discovered – genetic engineering is born – TIMELINE,

• In 1975 US biochemist Paul Berg founded the gene-splicing technique which opened the door to the invention of recombinant-DNA technology i.e. genetic engineering
• The terms “recombinant DNA technology,” “DNA cloning,” “molecular cloning,”or “gene cloning” all refer to the same process (using plasmids) – READ

The post Gene Therapy first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

The WHO’s objective, as set out in its Constitution, is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health

Health is… a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

As is defined in WHO’s Constitution

The World Health Organisation (WHO) believes “vaccines” and “immunization” for everyone is the backbone of of the most cost effective “health” for all. The “recommendations” of the WHO profoundly influences global immunization programs. This is an attempt to understand the history behind the vaccine agenda.

The purpose of this page

This page will capture the web of WHO’s influential programs, frameworks, working groups and agendas relating to “vaccines” and “immunisation”. Every 10 years the World Health Organisation (WHO) plans a new agenda to focus their efforts, usually building on, or growing out of, the previous agenda that encapsulates vaccination.

The WHO brings together a unified and philanthropically funded voice of vaccination policy which ALWAYS starts with targeting the poor and developing nations and has now morphed into the “leave no one behind” under the banner of “equity” which is part of the Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). 14 of the 17 SDG’s are measured by vaccination coverage!

Many philanthropic non-government organisations (NGOs) or foundations donate to the WHO or support their efforts in parallel, no doubt profiting from the knowledge of what is pushed.

This page is a place for me to bookmark historical documents to piece together the vaccine agenda which grew from a $6 billion market in 2002 to $78.27 billion in 2023 and is well estimated to grow to $122.27 billion by 2030.

• Are vaccines really saving millions of lives each year as the WHO CLAIM?
• WHO on Youtube – HERE

History of the World Health Organization (ARCHIVE)

• The First 10 years (1948-1957) – READ
• The Second 10 years (1959- 1967) – READ
• The Third 10 years (1968 – 1977) – READ
• WHO “The History of Vaccination” – @2000

Links in reverse chronological order

This content will continuously be updated, it will never be complete as WHO changes so fast. How we got here is what I’m interested in.

2020

April 29, 2020 – WHO Target Product Profiles for COVID-19 vaccines v3 – ARCHIVE, updated April 6, 2022 – ARCHIVE

• Tables of “vaccine characteristic” with “preferred” and ” Critical or Minimal” criteria to meet – Stopping transmission was optional as a “critical or minimal” criteria.
• Targeting children and pregnant women was a “preferred” option from the beginning to establish “herd immunity” which is “transmission blocking”.

February 11-12 , 2020 – WHO Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GLOPID-R): COVID 19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) -Global research and innovation forum: towards a research roadmap – ARCHIVE

2018

2018 – Ted Talk: Christine Stabell-Benn: An unexpected vax vs unvax mortality study – WATCH

2017

May 2017 – WHO WHA – The Ministers of Health from 194 countries endorsed a new resolution on strengthening immunization to achieve the goals of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) a roadmap to prevent millions of deaths through more equitable access to vaccines by 2020 – (via WHO Immunization coverage) ARCHIVE

• It recommends scaling up advocacy efforts to improve understanding of the value of vaccines and urgency of meeting the GVAP goals..The Secretariat will report back to the Health Assembly in 2018, 2020 and 2022 on the achievements against the GVAP goals and targets.”
• The main goal of the 2017 campaign with the theme #VaccinesWork is to raise awareness about the critical importance of full immunization throughout life, and its role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

2016

May 2016 – WHO published An R&D BLUEPRINT for Action to Prevent Epidemics – Plan of Action – READ, PDF ARCHIVE, REF, A research and development blueprint for action to prevent epidemics – website ARCHIVES

• As a result of May 2015, 68th WHA agreement: “…welcomed the development of a blueprint, in consultation with Member States and relevant stakeholders, for accelerating research and development in epidemics or health emergency situations where there are no, or insufficient, preventive, and curative solutions, taking into account other relevant work streams within WHO” (WHA68(10))
• Justification: The 2014–2015 “West African Ebola epidemic, the largest and longest Ebola outbreak in history, outlined several strengths and weaknesses in the R&D response and emphasized the need to be better prepared for the next epidemic.” [Ebola R&D]
  • WHO has been tracking Ebola for years. Ebola virus first discovered 1976, “Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is one of the most virulent viral diseases known to humankind” – 2003 – ARCHIVE, Web ARCHIVE
• This Blueprint is “as a platform for accelerating R&D”. This document “presents the main directions for an effective R&D Preparedness strategy: the R&D Blueprint” to catalyze R&D activities for emerging pathogens
• National Regulatory Authorities (NRA) needed to be prepared to fast track approvals for the next epidemic

May 27, 2016 – WHO WER No 21, Vol 91, pp 265–284 – PDF

• Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on immunization met on April 12-14, 2016 – This report summarizes the discussions, conclusions and recommendations.
• At global level, 2016 was an important year for the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Decade of Vaccines– promoting vaccination
• “Approval of a vaccination coverage indicator under the child mortality target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has not yet been obtained. SAGE urged WHO and countries to request an aspirational immunization indicator under the SDGs…Ensuring and sustaining immunization services disrupted by humanitarian crises [like “climate change”?] is an ongoing concern.”
• The WHO R&D Blueprint was highlighted. It aims at developing and implementing a roadmap for R&D preparedness for priority pathogens, and enabling rollout of efficient emergency R&D responses.
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine development pipeline discussed [just in time for 2021 RSV surge], RSV should be added to WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS)
• Implementation of immunization in the context of Health Systems Strengthening (HSS) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC) – towards ensuring equitable and sustainable immunization goals !!
• Pre-empting and responding to vaccine supply shortages – Access to timely and affordable supplies of vaccines is an integrated component of the Middle Income Countries (MIC) strategy, presented at SAGE in April 2015… – key partners (such as UNICEF Supply Division, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, GAVI, vaccine manufacturers and countries)”
• Concerned about stagnating immunization coverage, during its 2014 review of the GVAP SAGE – strategy to reduce missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) – “A MOV occurs when a person eligible for vaccination, and with no valid contraindication, visits a health service facility and does not receive all of the recommended vaccines.” [It’s just like marketing!] “With little effort or cost…ensuring that all visitors to health centres are vaccinated can have a major impact on the coverage of national immunization programmes.” Current 32% MOV

2015

October 12-16, 2015 – WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization: Collaborative study: Calibration of Replacement International Standard for Diphtheria Toxoid for use in Flocculation Test – PDF, ARCHIVE [what exactly is a vaccine???]

• “Diphtheria vaccines form an essential component of the primary immunization schedule of children and have been part of the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (together with tetanus and pertussis components) since its inception in 1974
• “Diphtheria is caused by exotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Active immunization against diphtheria is based on the use of diphtheria toxoid (DTxd), a chemically detoxified preparation of diphtheria toxin, to induce protective antibody responses.”
• The bulk toxoid intermediates of diphtheria vaccines can also be used as carrier proteins in polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against invasive bacterial infections caused by N. meningitidis, H. influenzae and S. pneumonia“
• DTxd is produced by growing the toxin-producing C. diphtheriae in liquid media and converting the toxin to inactive toxoid by treatment with formaldehyde. Antigenic strength and purity of the bulk toxoid is evaluated by measurement of ‘limit of flocculation’ (Lf) units….” “Due to its simplicity, speed and economy, flocculation remains the primary method used by vaccine manufacturers to evaluate toxin and toxoid concentrations in Lf.”

August 28, 2015 – WER No. 35 Vol 90 – Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper (2015) – PDF, replacec Oct 2010 PP – HERE

• Recommendations on the use of pertussis vaccines were discussed by SAGE in April 2014 and in April 2015 – due to resurgance of pertussis in DTaP regions.
• Pertussis vaccines are used “in preventing severe pertussis in infants worldwide” i.e. the disease, not the spread!
• “It was estimated that that without vaccination there would have been >1.3 million pertussis related deaths globally in 2001.”
  • Referenced: Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed. New York, Oxford University Press/ The World Bank, 2006: Ch 20 Vaccine preventable Diseases 389–412 – PDF

2015 – SAGE: 2015 Assesment Report of the Global Vaccine Action Plan REPORT- PFD

• Decade of Vaccines half way point, Where are the unvaccinated people?
• “Coverage is hampered and only 30 to 40% of children are immunized against major childhood diseases. Inaccessible areas are home to more than half a million children still requiring catchup vaccination.”

2014

July 25, 2014 – WHO WER No. 30, Vol 89 – Revised guidance on the choice of pertussis vaccines – PDF

• ‘The efficacies of acellular pertussis vaccines (aP) and whole cell pertussis vaccines (wP) vary depending upon the case definition of pertussis used’
• “Protection against severe pertussis in infancy and early childhood can be obtained after a primary series of vaccination with wP or aP vaccine”
  • [Note: “protection” from “severe pertussis” is the objective of SAGE, as was stated in their 2010 position paper on pertussis vaccine. They know the the vaccines don’t stop colonisation of the bacterium and thus doesn’t stop transmission of the bacterium, yet they still promote more vaccines to get less sick and assume this means less transmission!]

May 23, 2014 – WHO WER No. 21, Vol 89 – PDF

• April 1-3, 2014 – SAGE meeting Geneva, Switzerland – thir report focused on (i) sustaining the momentum generated by the Decade of Vaccines (DoV)/Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP)…
• 40-year anniversary of the WHO Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was celebrated during World Immunization Week, April 24–29, 2014
• The report emphasized that challenges remain to reach the milestone of 90% national coverage with 3 doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3) in all countries by 2015…
• Pertussis report: “The main outcome of the report is that pertussis vaccination is highly effective in reducing disease [i.e symptoms] caused by Bordetella pertussis, with a large decline in overall global incidence and mortality compared with the pre-vaccination era in both wP- and aP-using countries.”
  • Recent modelling studies from Australia, England and Wales, and the USA, as well as data from a baboon model, supported the hypothesis that wP to aP vaccine transition may be associated with disease resurgence”. …SAGE concluded that the shorter duration of protection and likely reduced impact on infection and transmission conferred by aP vaccines play critical roles.” Just vaccinate more!
  • [The baboon study shows wP and aP do not stop colonisation or trasmission. Baboons upon challenge transmitted and carried bacteria for 18 days (wP) versus 35 days (aP), compared to 30 days (unvaccinated first infection) all inferior to the sterilizing immunity provided by natural infection, where upon challeng immune baboon carried the bacteria for zero days – so why do SAGE still promote andy “infection and transmission” protction? – see pp. 321-327]
  • Vaccination of pregnant women is considered likely to be the most cost-effective complementary strategy to prevent pertussis-associated infant mortality”! SAGE believe “recent evidence suggests that maternal immunization with aP [DTaP not DTP] during pregnancy is safe and highly effective in protecting infants from pertussis and that it may have a high impact on morbidity and mortality in infants too young to have been immunized. More effective and favourable than cocooning.”
  • SAGE agreed that “cocooning” may have an impact on disease prevention – [the WHO actually referenced Wikipedia!]

2013

January 17-88, 2013 – WHO: Expert consultation on the use of placebos in vaccine trials – PDF

• “New and improved vaccines to prevent illness and death from infectious diseases are urgently needed, especially in low- or middle-income countries (LMICs)……” safety trials are done in randomized controlled trials but too often not with an inert placebo, but another vaccine product.

2012

WHO vaccine agendas take shape…

November 2012 – Pertussis resurgence: SAGE expressed concern about the apparent resurgence of pertussis in some industrialized countries despite high vaccine coverage with acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines which in some settings is associated with an increase in infant pertussis deaths. – REF (this is before the 2014 Baboon study showing aP creates super spreaders within a household – the first transmission study ever done!!!)

• SAGE then established a pertussis working group – “disease resurgence was defined as a larger burden of disease than expected when compared to previous cycles in the same settings”

May 25, 2012 – WHO WER No. 21, 2012, 87, 201–216 – PDF Vaccine Hesitancy, vaccines in pregnancy, mercury…

• “SAGE working group dealing with vaccine hesitancy has been established with a wide range of expertise and it will work over the next 12 months to generate recommendations on addressing vaccine hesitancy and its determinants”
• “SAGE noted that recent funding cuts in some countries may threaten the overall integrity of the immunization programme…”
• Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) – Wild polio virus type 2 was eliminated in 1999 [types 1 & 3 still circulating] but the continued use of tOPV contributes to ongoing type 2 vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis and vaccine derived poliovirus outbreaks (cVDPV2). [The vaccine program is perpetuating “polio”.]
• “SAGE noted that the work on vaccine safety during pregnancy and lactation had been initiated and that the Global Vaccine Safety Initiative had been launched as the implementation mechanism of the Global Vaccine Safety Blueprint.”…SAGE recommended pregnant women as the most important risk group for inactivated seasonal influenza vaccination.” …”based on compelling evidence…”!!
• Influenza vaccine: “Health-care workers are recognized as a target group for whom vaccination would protect not only the individual but also vulnerable patients, and for whom a vaccination programme is an important element of infection control and pandemic preparedness.” [suggesting the vaccine stops colonisation and transmission???]
• “Increasing evidence demonstrates that [influenza] vaccines may be less effective in the elderly than in younger adults..” [Elderly were the target population, they’ve now switched to pregnant women and children, adults and healthcare workers i.e. everyone, because the vaccine is failing!]
  • “Successful introduction of influenza vaccines to healthy younger populations, including pregnant women and young children, would require educational programmes and social messaging.”[ catalyst for no jab no play policies from 2014, and no jab no pay from 2016?]
• “Information on vaccines for an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee to prepare a global legally binding instrument on the use of mercury”
  • “WHO advised countries that mercury quantities in thiomersal-containing vaccines [multi dose vaccine vials] were extremely small, and if vials and syringes are handled in an environmentally sound manner as hospital waste, there would be minimal environmental release of mercury.” …replacement of thiomersal with an alternative preservative may affect the quality, safety and efficacy of vaccines; [and] re-registration would be required by the National Regulatory Authority”…There is insufficient existing manufacturing capacity to remove thiomersal and switch to single-use vials.” ..some products would be come unavailable i.e. DTP and Hep B
  • “SAGE reaffirmed that thiomersal-containing vaccines were safe, essential and irreplaceable components of immunization programmes, especially in developing countries…” [yet thiomersal has never been tested in a RCT for safety]

May 2012 – WHO 65th World Health Assembly – SAGE Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) 2011-2020 (resolution WHA65.17) framework was endorsed, to help realize the vision of the Decade of Vaccines launched by Bill Gates in 2010 – REF, READ, UNICEF – READ

• GVAP is “a framework to prevent millions of deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases by 2020″
• “an immunization vision and strategy for the world for the decade 2011–2020.” – PDF
• “GVAP aims to strengthen routine immunization, accelerate control of vaccine-preventable diseases with polio eradication as the first milestone, introduce new vaccines, and spur research and development for the next generation of vaccines and technologies.” – REF

April 21-27, 2012 – The first World Immunization Week was celebrated in the 6 WHO Regions – REF

2011

January 7, 2011 – WER No. 1-2, Vol 86 – PDF

• SAGE reviewed the report and recommendations from the July 2010 Global Technical Consultation to Assess the Feasibility of Measles Eradication – they concluded that measles can and should be eradicated, based on 2 modelling studies!
  • From 2000 to 2008, an estimated 4.3 million additional measles deaths among children were averted as a result of increases in coverage of routine immunizations and implementation of measles SIAs.

2010

2010 – United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) goals by 2010 – REF

• (i) Ensure full immunization of children under one year of age at 90% coverage nationally with at least 80% coverage in every district or equivalent administrative unit, (ii) Vitamin A Deficiency Elimination
• World Health Assembly (WHA) and UNGASS goals by 2005: (i) Polio Eradication, (ii) Measles Mortality Reduction, (iii) Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Elimination (MNTE)
• Progress Towards Global Immunization Goals – 2012 – presentation slides – PDF

January 29, 2010 – BMGF: Bill and Melinda Gates Pledge $10 Billion in Call for Decade of Vaccines – ARCHIVE, GAVI celebrates 10 years – ARCHIVE, WHO – ARCHIVE, Bill Gates annual letter – ARCHIVE, WER – PDF

• “US$10 billion over the next 10 years to help research, develop and deliver vaccines to the world’s poorest countries sets a new precedent in global heath.” – REF

• “Increased vaccination could save more than 8 million children by 2020; significant funding gaps remain, others must join effort” [vaccines “save” 2-3 million in 2020]
• “As Bill and Melinda emphasised, we need look no further than GAVI’s first 10 years for living proof that immunisation is one of the most cost-effective ways to save children’s lives” – REF
  • “Despite these achievements…2.4 million children continue to die each year from vaccine-preventable diseases.”
• Important new vaccines for the two leading causes of global child deaths—severe diarrhea and pneumonia—are becoming available
• “As we build on that success, Bill & Melinda Gates’ call for a “decade of vaccines” represents the second time that the Gates Foundation is playing a transformational role in the delivery of life-saving vaccines to the world’s poorest countries” – REF
• “The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation announcement comes on the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). Dr Chan also congratulated the GAVI Alliance on their accomplishment of reaching 257 million additional children with new and underused vaccines.” – REF

January 2010 – (START) The WHO REFORM AGENDA traces back to “The future of financing for WHO – January 2010” – Timeline – “Landmark events of the WHO reform process from the initial consultation on the future of financing for WHO “-ARCHIVE, What is Reform – READ, 2014,

• Followed by 128th session of the Executive Board, January 2011

2006

2006 – WHO “Engaging for health” program covers the 10-year period from 2006 to 2015 – REF

January 6, 2006 – WER No. 1 Vol 81 – Conclusions and recommendations from the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group (SAGE) – PDF

• SAGE was updated on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, disease burden and planning for vaccine introduction. …HPV infection is now designated a “necessary” cause of cervical cancer, the second most common cancer in women,…disease burden varies enormously between countries, as do age-group patterns of infection” Of 2 candidates “Both vaccines appear to be safe and effective” but “positive impact of the intervention will only be observed after a considerable number of years,…” they have no idea!
• “SAGE noted that while these vaccines might be promoted as cancer-preventing products, [??] additional promotion as vaccines against a sexually transmitted infection may foster negative connotations as some groups may perceive their use as encouraging promiscuity.”
• “SAGE recognized that the introduction of HPV vaccine could serve as a model for one of the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) objectives of vaccinating age groups other than infants, notably school age children and adolescents. This model could also provide an entry point for the introduction of HIV vaccines in the future.” !!
• A “strong political commitment would be required for the introduction of these vaccines”…!
• “More than 20 years have passed since the “EPI schedule” of 6, 10 and 14 weeks for DTP-OPV and 9 months for measles vaccine was introduced, and more information has accrued, together with the development of improved techniques for assessing immune responses” [~1986]. Immunization schedules in use today vary greatly around the world, and it is unlikely that a single, uniform immunization schedule would suit all countries”

2005

International Health Regulations (2005) adopted, and the call for strengthening Influenza Pandemic Preparedness, WHO SAGE changes focus to Everything Global Immunization

2005 – WHO Technical Report Series: WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE ON BIOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION – PDF

• “The production and control of conjugate vaccines is more complex than that of their unconjugated capsular polysaccharide counterparts. Polysaccharide vaccines consist of defined chemical substances that if prepared to the same specifications, can reasonably be expected to have comparable potencies” (pg 68) [so not biological material?]
• Includes definition for GMO, Immunogenicity, Potency, Primary vaccination etc but not what defines a “vaccine”
• “Many vaccines are produced using prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms and subtle changes in these organisms may radically affect the vaccine product…”

November 9-11, 2005 – WER No 1, 2006 81, Pg 1-12: Conclusions and recommendations from the Immunization Strategic Advisory Group – SAGE (which was formed1999) is now restructured to oversee all aspects of Global Immunization – PDF,

• The “new structure to make SAGE more relevant to WHO in formulating global immunization strategies and policies in the light of the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS)
• “SAGE will report to the Director-General on issues ranging from vaccine research and development to immunization delivery, and extending beyond childhood immunization to all vaccine-preventable diseases. SAGE would therefore evolve into a body overarching global immunization.”
• Other key immunization related WHO advisory committees that report to SAGE:
  • Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS)
  • Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (ECBS)
  • Steering Committee of the Immunization Safety Priority project (ISP)
  • Initiative for Vaccine Research Advisory Committee (IVRAC)
  • Advisory Committee on Polio Eradication (ACPE)
    
• UNICEF and WHO’s Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) document finalised focused on 4 strategic areas:
  • Protecting more people in a changing world – i.e. scaling up of routine vaccination activities for “child survival”
    • “..the political commitment to immunization was pivotal in reaching high coverage and in maintaining services as a keystone of integrated primary health care”
  • Introducing new vaccines and technologies
  • Integrating immunization, other linked interventions and surveillance in the health systems context
    • “SAGE suggested that the GIVS research agenda be expanded beyond clinical trials to include other areas of research, such as health systems research, acceptability and community preparedness studies, epidemiological studies and cost-effectiveness studies.” [infiltrate every part of “health” care]
  • Immunizing in a context of global interdependence [OneHealth?]
• The [2005] current global production capacity for seasonal influenza vaccines was 300 million doses per year of trivalent vaccine. …Manufacturers are considering a variety of strategies to increase the global production capacity…” [for vaccination pandemic influenza preparedness – in time for 2009 pandemic?!]
  • One way to increase preparedness capacity is by “increasing use of seasonal vaccine thereby increasing vaccine production capacity.” to extend coverage to 75% but “relies on implementation of influenza vaccination policies”! [so the flu vaccine push by 2012 into everyone’s arm…was actually to increase manufacture capacity in the name of “pandemic preparedness”] As per May 2005 WHA resolution
  • SAGE push for ALL countries develop pandemic preparedness plans that include strategies for the deployment of vaccines when these become available. <50 countries had plans at this time.
  • “SAGE stressed that countries must not depend solely on vaccines for pandemic control because lack of vaccine or at best shortage will be a reality in most countries.” [Wow! How that changed in 2020, the focus was directed to a vaccine with a brand new, never tested technology product which the global regulators just happened to have a fairly recently established “fast track” emergency pathway!]
• SAGE was briefed on current research and development on rotavirus vaccines by multinational companies and “emerging” manufacturers and more specifically on the current development, licensing and plans for 2 vaccines: Rotarix and RotaTeq [the latter by Dr Paul Offit and Stanley Plotkins et al]

October 24-28, 2005 – WHO 56th meeting of Expert Committee on Biological Standardization: Guidelines for Assuring the Quality and Non Clinical Safety Evaluation of DNA vaccines – PDF, SOURCE

• “Vaccination involves priming the immune system of a host with an infectious agent or components of an infectious agent modified in a manner to assure that the vaccine does not cause any harm or disease to the host, but ensures that when the host is confronted with that infectious agent, its immune system can adequately control the invading organism before it causes any ill effect”
• A radically new approach to vaccination has been actively and vigorously developed since early 1990’s. This involves the direct introduction of plasmid DNA containing the gene encoding the antigen against which an immune response is sought into appropriate host tissues and the in situ production of the target antigen(s).
• Similarly, many aspects of the guidelines may be applicable to vaccines based on RNA…”

June 12-15, 2005 – Pan American Health Organisation: Sixth Annual Global Vaccine Research Forum in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil – “Cutting-edge Science on New Vaccines: Global Forum to Cover Latest Developments, Key Challenges”- READ, CREDIT

• “Major breakthroughs are occurring in the development of new vaccines. There are about 20 vaccines currently in use; an equivalent number of new or improved vaccines is anticipated within the next ten years.”
• “These vaccines will be a relatively inexpensive health intervention with a significant public health impact; however, they will cost more than vaccines in current use. WHO Member States last month adopted a resolution on a new Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, an important component of which is introducing new vaccines”
• Prospects for new vaccines against pandemic avian influenza, Acceleration of life-saving rotavirus, pneumococcal and meningitis vaccines…
• The Pan American Health and Education Foundation is a U.S. not-for-profit philanthropic organization that enjoys a unique partnership with the Pan American Health Organization based on our shared vision of health for all – REF, List of topics covered – HERE Formally the 1902 Pan American Sanitary Bureau – ARCHIVE

May 23, 2005 – WHO: 58th WHA – new International Health Regulations (IHR) are unanimously adopted by WHO Member states – ARCHIVE, REF, REF2, TIMELINE

• IHR are a “tool in the fight against the global spread of infectious disease” – IHR are “rules that countries must follow to identify disease outbreaks and stop them from spreading” i.e. member states are bound by international laws
• 2003 – WHO Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR) is working towards global health security – epidemic alert and response (Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response) – ARCHIVE

May 16-25, 2005: WHO: 58th WHA resolution WHA58.5 called for the “Strengthening pandemic-influenza preparedness and response.” – REF

2004

2004 – The Global Health Histories initiative was established by WHO in late 2004 – 2006, 2010

• History is very important because all major contemporary policy declarations have historical sections. Historical analyses are being used to justify contemporary agendas. The historian working in tandem with policy managers has and important role to play. Even when you look at recent recent pronouncements about the need to increase immunization coverage, you have references to the lessons learned from the global smallpox eradication program. You cannot learn lessons unless you understand the complex history of that program – says Dr Sanjoy Bhattacharya, Director, Centre of Global Health Histories – (download) – WATCH
  • WHO smallpox eradication program – ARCHIVE
    [What if the “official” history of smallpox eradication is a lie? – CONSIDER ]
• Presentations 2005-2007, 2005-2014,
• PUBLICATION: The Third ten years of the World Health Organization (1968-1977) – PDF, ARCHIVE
  • This is first new publication within the global health initiative. It is a sequel to the previous two volumes published in 1958 and 1968, during the 20-year tenure of Dr Marcolino Candau as Director-General, first elected in 1953, then 3 more times.
  • A new phrase entered the text of the second volume published 1968, namely ‘smallpox eradication’.

2003

2003 – WHO Dept V& B: Vaccines and Biologicals Catalogue 2003 -Lists documents produced and distributed by the World Health Organization’s Department of Vaccines and Biologicals (V&B) since its establishment in 1998 – PDF, SOURCE co signed Gro Harlem Brundtland

2003 – WHO – Laboratory Safety Manual – PDF, SOURCE

• “This specialized agency of the United Nations published the first edition of its Laboratory biosafety manual in 1983” Biosafety Lab Levels 1-4
• “Recombinant DNA technology involves combining genetic information from different sources thereby creating genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that may have never existed in nature before.”…concern resulted in the famous Asilomar conference held in 1975, where the first guidelines for recombinant DNA technology were proposed. (pg 52) – TIMELINE

2002

November 26-28, 2002 – WHO/IVR: Ethical considerations arising from vaccine trials conducted in paediatric populations with high disease burden in developing countries – PDF

• CLAIM: “Each year, millions of children in developing countries suffer from infectious diseases. Of these, more than 2.7 million children under five (WHO 2001 estimate) die from diseases that are potentially [no guarantee] preventable by vaccines.
  • [This is an important claim which is parroted by WHO yet supply without citation]
• In light of these unacceptable [estimated!] rates of morbidity and mortality, the development or improvement of vaccines to meet the needs of children in developing countries continues to be one of the highest priorities, with the attendant requirement for an increasing number of trials to evaluate new vaccines.”
• A cautious approach is appropriate in the conduct of vaccine trials among children in any circumstances because of their particular vulnerability in view of their inability to give informed consent and their sometimes greater potential to adverse reaction to vaccines.”

October 2002 – Global Health Security | Epidemic Alert & Response: “WHO Guidelines on the use of Vaccines and Antivirals during Influenza Pandemics” (first draft) – ARCHIVE, PDF, WER 2005 CREDIT

• Grew out of the July 2001 Global Agenda on Influenza Surveillance and Control, which then “In May 2002, WHO convened a consultation of influenza experts, virologists, epidemiologists, public health officials, and representatives of the pharmaceutical industry to debate and finalize the world’s first global agenda on influenza surveillance and control”
• “Vaccination is the primary means of preventing influenza…Immunity is typically produced after a period of two to three weeks following a single vaccine dose when the viruses contained are ones to which the vaccinees have had past experience…” [immunity!]
• Inactivated influenza vaccines similar to those currently in use were first introduced during the 1940’s [Francis (1945)]. Since that time, they have been improved in terms of their standardization and purity.”

May 2002 – The world’s first Global Agenda on Influenza Surveillance and Control was finalised – REF

• The WHO Global Influenza Programme, “in response to growing recognition that more needs to be done in preventing, monitoring and controlling influenza worldwide” called for proposals “in a spirit of collaboration” beginning July 2001. “WHO has sought to raise the profile of influenza as an important public health threat having significant economic as well as health consequences throughout the world.”
• In May 2002, WHO convened a consultation of influenza experts, virologists, epidemiologists, public health officials, and representatives of the pharmaceutical industry to debate and finalize the world’s first global agenda on influenza surveillance and control”

2002 – WHO: State of the World’s Vaccines and Immunization – jointly released by WHO, UNICEF and the World Bank, charts the many issues surrounding vaccines and immunization in 2002 includes “arguing the power of vaccines and immunization as an effective public health intervention” – PFD [Setting the ground work for ramping up the vaccine agenda]

• Document highlights the immense strides made in global immunization since the mid-1990s.
• “Imagine a world without vaccines. Life-threatening diseases would present a daily risk… We would live in fear of deadly strains of diphtheria, tetanus and measles; polio would be a constant danger and in a matter of hours could paralyse a child, and smallpox would continue to scar and kill.” [Wow! someone should introduce the WHO to Dissolving Illusions!]
• “Immunization, as powerful and successful as it is, has yet to reach its enormous potential. One-quarter of the world’s children still have no protection from common preventable diseases. Nearly 3 million people (2 million of them children) die every year from those same killers. Children in developing countries are dying from other diseases, such as meningitis and pneumonia, while vaccines for these are widely used in the industrialized world.” …”The right to protection from preventable diseases is the right of every child and it is well within our collective capacity to realize that right.”
  • [Another bold mortality claim with NO citation for how they came up with these numbers!]
• Smallpox was eradicated in 1979, polio is about to be eradicated [wrong] and about two-thirds of developing countries have succeeded in eliminating neonatal tetanus.
• But global commitment to immunization has not been sustained in all developing countries! By 2000, about 37 million children worldwide missed out on routine immunization during their first year of life…Today, the divide in access to vaccines and immunization continues to undermine the principle of equity on which national immunization programmes should be based.”…global immunization coverage of over 70% was sustained throughout the1990s…”
• “Despite the overall success of immunization programmes, almost 11 million children under five years of age die each year.” [Seriously they are just making up these numbers, it was 2.7 million in 2002]
• “In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, deaths among children under five almost doubled over the past four decades from 2.3–4.5 million a year”…Millions more children are growing up with no protection against some of the life threatening, disabling and vaccine-preventable diseases of childhood.” [EVERYTHING is vaccines!]
• …”lack of demand for a new vaccine at the outset can have a long-term impact on both the supply and price” – [and there you have it folks, need to keep creating demand!]

• “There are many reasons why the world community should invest in immunization and the reduction of infectious diseases. They include not only public health reasons but also humanitarian, economic and social reasons.”
• “While the market for vaccines in developing countries is potentially vast – including the 132 million children born each year – they currently account for only 18% of the global US$6 billion vaccine market.”
  • “The global vaccines market size is projected to grow from $78.27 billion in 2023 to $122.27 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 6.6% during the forecast period” – REF

2001

2001 – WHO Department of Vaccines and Biologicals – Biennial Report 2000-2001 –PDF

• GAVI was launched and changed the international vaccination stage

2001 – WHO “IMMUNIZATION systems are stagnating. Many countries that were dramatically successful in raising
their immunization coverage in the 1980s are now finding it difficult to lift coverage rates from 50% up to a target of at least 80%.” – REF

2000 – The Year of vaccine ramp up

December 2000 – WHO Technologies for vaccine delivery in the 21st century (Syringe, needles and storage) – PDF

• Sponsored by PATH etc

October 26-27, 2000 – Report of the second meeting of the Steering Committee on Immunization Safety (SCIS), Geneva – PDF (sponsored in part by Bill and Melinda Gates Children’s Vaccine Program (CVP))

• Up to 1/3rd of immunization injections today are not carried out in a way that guarantees safety.

September 2000 – UN Millennium Summit held in New York in – set the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – REF

• “The fourth goal, to reduce child mortality, has the specific target of reducing under-five mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. One of the specific indicators to measure progress towards the goal is the proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles.” !

June 13, 2000 – WHO V&B: Networking for new vaccine evaluation – examine ways of helping national regulatory authorities (NRAs) to evaluate clinical data generated in support of vaccine licensing – led by TGA’s Dr John McEwen [i.e. Training the regulat -ors for the anticipated influx of vaccines] – PDF

June 11-12, 2000 – WHO Dept Vaccines and Biologicals (V&B): Report of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) -their second meeting – PDF, SOURCE

• Accelerated vaccine introduction (AVI) of 1999, thanks to funding via the new entity GAVI – The aim of the project is to find and apply, by 2003, mechanisms for speeding up the introduction into developing countries of new and underused vaccines that could be of public health importance in these countries.”…”Major barriers include a lack of adequate financing, the absence of satisfactory data on vaccine efficacy and cost-effectiveness, and on the burden of vaccine target diseases, and the need for technical assistance on logistics, supply and quality control.”
• “SAGE believes vaccine and immunization safety to be one of the most important issues that the vaccine community faces. A major catastrophe that could have been prevented by timely, appropriate action could destroy the whole vaccine edifice. SAGE therefore strongly supports efforts to develop efficient, continuous monitoring systems and sound scientific evaluation systems, with a view to anticipating the occurrence of vaccine-related adverse events“
• “SAGE urges WHO to be in close touch with all the other players involved in the introduction of new vaccines, most specifically those that are devoting funds to vaccine introduction initiatives, such as the Bill & Melinda Gates Children’s Vaccine Program [Private] and the International Vaccine Institute, and also the vaccine industry, which is strongly promoting the development of new vaccines.”
• In light of GAVI’s introduction in 1999 – “SAGE would, as a result, have to assume a new role in a new universe – a universe in which for the first time the vaccine and immunization scene would benefit from significant financial resources, thanks to the influx of funding that attended the birth of GAVI.”
• “There has also been a change in the role of SAGE, as reflected in its designation as a “strategic” rather than purely “scientific” group of experts. This change denotes a broader definition of the scope of SAGE, which no longer focuses only or primarily on vaccine research and development but now encompasses the whole spectrum of V&B activities”

June 7-9, 2000 – WHO Proceedings of the first Global Vaccine Research Forum, Montreux – PDF

• Creating incentives for industry to invest in developing market vaccines: role of public sector in forging partnerships with industry

February 2000 – Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2000; 78(2): 153-231 (Reprint); Immunization safety: a global priority – PDF

• In 1999 the Immunization Safety Priority Project (ISPP) began where by 2003 the WHO will establish a comprehensive system to ensure safety
• “When WHO began its immunization programmes in 1974, less than 5% of the world’s children were immunized. Twenty-five years later, the figure stands at about 75%….
• “Adverse events following vaccination (AEFI) range from the common, innocuous redness and soreness at point of injection, to rare, serious conditions such as the potential risk of a severe allergic reaction in 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 doses of measles vaccine.” [no citation was provided]

March 16-17, 2000 – Report of a meeting of international public sector vaccinology institutions – PDF, SOURCE

• Prioritizing vaccines for the developing world- “The priority vaccines of the WHO Intercluster Vaccine Research Initiative (IVR) include HIV, malaria, tuberculosis and specific developing market vaccines which have yet to be selected”
• Pilot production issues for parasitic vaccines – As there are currently no vaccines against parasites for human use [Could ivermectin actually be considered a oral ‘parasitic vaccine”, in that it is a biological, derived from an organism??]
• “The group stated the importance of combination vaccines for the immunization programmes in the developing world, their impact on the operational costs and associated safety issues.” with “Ongoing work to produce combination vaccines (DTP–HepB–Hib, measles/JE, MMR/varicella)”!!!

January 2000 – GAVI: A new multi-million dollar Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines (the Fund) was launched by the GAVI partners – Press Release – ARCHIVE

• “Enabled by a generous gift from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ($150 million per year for five years, This is the largest gift in the Foundation’s history [It’s one month old!]), the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines has been created by GAVI to help fill the gaps that currently prevent the immunization of each and every child against major diseases.” –REF

January 31, 2000 – The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI) is launched – TIMELINE

• Sponsored by BMGF and launched a the WEF.
• “Since 2000, the GAVI partners have been targeting assistance to the poorest countries through the Vaccine Fund to help them boost coverage with existing vaccines, improve immunization systems (including injection safety) and introduce under-used vaccines, including hepatitis B, Hib and yellow fever” (2003)- REF
• “The culture of disease prevention gained momentum in the biennium, particularly through” the impressive debut of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)” – REF
• “The advent in 2000 of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) and of the Vaccine Fund have brought immunization back to the top of the international public health agenda.“- REF

1999

November 1999 – WHO Dept V&B: Study of donor inputs to vaccine production – PDF

• In 1991 studies were begun of the characteristics of local vaccine production (produced within a country for use in that country, generally in a public sector facility) in developing countries under the auspices of the Children’s Vaccine Initiative.
• WHO is now poised to play an enhanced role in ensuring access to new vaccine and immunization-related technologies, through
  • (1) strengthening national regulatory authorities;
  • (2) promoting local production viability; and
  • (3) facilitating access to patent-protected technologies.

November 15-16, 1999 – WHO Dept V& B: Report of a meeting on health sector reform and priority health interventions: the case of immunization services – PDF

• “A substantial number of countries have embarked upon, or are in the process of planning fundamental changes in their health systems – health sector reform – to respond more adequately to the needs of local populations as well as to other challenges from the socioeconomic and political environment” [Really?]
• “The meeting was organized to take stock of the interrelationship between health sector reform and immunization services” which are said to be a means of “strengthening health systems” and “Immunization services performance is an excellent indicator of the performance of the overall health system”!

November 4-5, 1999 – Assessing the global needs for vaccine research and development. Results of a Joint GAVI/WHO meeting, Geneva w/ co-chairs GAVI, Aventis-Pasteur and GmithKlein Beecham – PDF, SOURCE

• “Recognising that “Accelerating the research and development efforts for vacciens and related products specifically needed by developing countries, particularly vaccines against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis” is one of the fundamental objectives of the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, the purpose of this “pre-Task Force” on R&D”
• Meeting co-sponsored by the Intercluster Vaccine Research Initiative of the WHO

November 1-3, 1999 – Report of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) with in WHO Dept Vaccines and Biologicals (Published March 2000) – PDF, SOURCE, GPV document ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE

• Report from the FIRST meeting of the SAGE (with”S” for “Strategic”, no longer “Scientific”) established by Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, the Director-General of the World Health Organization in 1999 – TIMELINE
• “Report was funded by unspecified donors!”The Department of Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible” [Hmmm!]

August 1999 – WHO | Access to Technologies Team of the Department of Vaccines and Other Biologicals: Regulation of vaccines: building on existing drug regulatory authorities – PDF

• Although vaccines are generally included in the legal definition of pharmaceutical products, and thus would fall under the jurisdiction of drug regulatory authorities (DRAs), there are extra considerations that apply to their regulation and control.” …
• “Vaccines provide one of the most cost-effective of all public health interventions and are among the safest medicinal products.”
• “Vaccines differ from therapeutic medicines first because of the biological, and thus inherently variable nature of the products themselves, the raw materials used in their production, and the biological methods used to test them. Thus special expertise and procedures are needed for their manufacture, control, and regulation.” They are “usually administered to very large numbers of healthy people, mostly infants, in national immunization programmes; thus safety and quality are paramount.”
• New vaccines are being developed at a rapid pace and these vaccines will represent new and complex challenges for regulatory authorities as well as for vaccine manufacturers – i.e. conjugate vaccines and new DNA vaccines
• What are the essential features of a regulatory system for vaccines?
  • Because of the special biological nature of vaccines, all 6 vaccine regulatory steps need to be followed, which includes the distribution and storage be well supervised, down to the end user.
  • Staff expertise required for “areas of assessing the documentation for marketing authorization, Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspections, and authorization and evaluation of clinical trials on vaccines.
  • …due care should be exercised to ensure that the characteristics of the product which will be proposed for licensing are the same as those of the product which will be tested in humans” [They failed this step for COVID-19 Pfizer mRNA from Process 1 to Process 2]
• This means that associations supporting causality will be difficult to establish or rule out.

June 1999 – WHO: Options for a Global Fund for New Vaccines – PDF

• “Currently, a Global Fund for New Vaccines is being put forward as one possible part of a system for expanding and improving vaccination…” Exploring the five parameters of: equity, impact, feasibility, sustainability and scope. “Investment of fund capital is expected to provide returns of approximately 8% per year”.
  • GAVI/BMGF to the rescue with Jan 2000 with the launch of the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines, – ARCHIVE

1999 – WHO – Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization was established by the Director-General of the World Health Organization in 1999 to provide guidance on the work of WHOs Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB). – ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE2 , REF

• The Terms or reference of the Group were revised during 2005 in view of the development of the Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS).
  • Note the word “Strategic AGE” versus “Scientific AGE, yet both use acronym SAGE
• SAGE is the principal advisory group to the WHO for vaccines and immunization, for all vaccine-preventable diseases. It provides guidance on the work of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB). SAGE meets annually – REF
• SAGE is charged with advising WHO on overall global policies and strategies, ranging from vaccines and technology, research and development, to delivery of immunization and its linkages with other health interventions.
• SAGE has multiple Working Groups – EXAMPLE
• SAGE membership can include representatives of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) a WHO major sponsor, such as in 2013 Dr Steve Landry, Deputy Director of Global Health Program, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation – ARCHIVE
• SAGE compose and release “Vaccine Position Papers” to provide recommendations to member states on vaccination – ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE2, all ARCHIVES, 2007 first – ARCHIVED, 2015 – ARCHIVE, 2022 – ARCHIVE
  • Example Chickenpox vaccine 1998 – PDF
    • “Varicella (chickenpox) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease with worldwide distribution. While mostly a mild disorder in childhood, varicella tends to be more severe in adults. It may be fatal, especially in neonates and in immunocompromised persons.”
• WHO recommendations for routine immunization – ARCHIVE, 2016 – ARCHIVE

January 21- 22, 1999 – WHO: | Department of Vaccines and Other Biologicals: Review of existing documents on planning, performance and assessment of clinical studies on vaccines – PDF

• Vaccines are a “special group of pharmaceuticals has distinct features that should be taken into consideration in planning, performance and assessment of clinical studies”
• “Many vaccines are intended for use in, and clinical studies in children necessitate especially careful planning and a thorough assessment of the risk–benefit ratio”
• The “most important internationally adopted documents covering the ethical aspects of biomedical research on human subjects”
• Control groups or “comparator may be either active or a placebo”

In 1999 – Bill Gates began to reposition his brand from computer geek monopolist to public health and education “philanthropist” by forming the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) which officially launched in January 2000 –TIMELINE

1998

June 9-11,1998 – Report of the meeting of the Scientific Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) – a joint Children’s Vaccine Initiative (CVI) and Global Program for Vaccines and Immunization (GPV) report – PDF

• “…thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support in 1997 has made the production of this document possible” [How can this group of experts be trusted as “independent” if funding sources are unknown with possible conflicts of interest?]
• This report is the result of “The third formal meeting of the Scientific Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) for the Children’s Vaccine Initiative (CVI) and the Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization (GPV) was held in Geneva on 9-11 June 1998″
  • Terms of Reference of the Joint CVI and GPV Scientific Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) – Page 72
• Note this Scientific Advisory Group of Experts “SAGE” is the prelude to WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization, both with the same acronym! – TIMELINE

January 30, 1998 – WHO Department of Vaccines and Biologicals went online, formally known as the Global Programme on Vaccines and Immunization – ARCHIVE

1997

November 1997 – WHO: The Children’s Vaccine Initiative (CVI) Strategic Plan: managing opportunity and change : a vision of vaccination for the 21st century – READ, PDF The first strategic plan was 1992-93

• Published jointly by CVI, UNICEF, UNDP, World Bank, WHO and Rockefeller Foundation
• “global eradication of polio is now within immediate reach” – [they got that wrong again, but is good for marketing]
• CREDIT: Manufactured Consent (not infomed consent) by Suzanne Humphries, it started with this vision document – WATCH

1996

March 1996 – WHO: Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization: Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) – PDF

• The first edition of the EPI document “Immunization Policy” was published 1986 which began by targeting “vaccine coverage”
• By 1996 “the EPI has changed its focus to the control or elimination of major childhood diseases, and new vaccines have become available, while yet others are being developed.”
  • “The EPI recommends that all countries immunize against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus and measles, and that countries with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) infection should immunize against TB.”
  • Table 3.Vaccine efficacy and vaccine-induced immunity
  • Basic immunization schedules and strategies
  • Figure 1: Expected duration of immunity after different immunization schedules

• Also found in side the document:
  • Table 3.Vaccine efficacy and vaccine-induced immunity
  • Basic immunization schedules and strategies
  • Figure 1: Expected duration of immunity after different immunization schedules
  • Until recently, the EPI has not addressed the issue of booster doses of EPI vaccines (EPI 1993e). The first priority has been to ensure that infants are completely immunized against target diseases at the youngest age possible – only consider boosters when coverage >80%!
  • Table 9.Percentage of countries using different immunization schedules for DPT vaccine
  • Reactions following immunization – “modern vaccines are safe”, blame most reactions on needles not being sterilized properly!

1995

June 12-14 – 1995 – WHO Vaccine R&D (VRD) Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization (GVP) – SAGE: 1995 Progress Report & Plan of Activities for 1996 (WHO/VDR/GEN/95.03) – PDF

1993

1993 – WHO Immunological Basis for Immunization – Module series developed by WHO/EIP to answer questions from the field – Initially started with 8 modules- REF

• Module 3 – Tetanus – READ
• Module 4 – Pertussis – READ
• Module 10 – Chicken Pox – READ

1992

1992 – WHO | 45th WHA – Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization – GPV Policy Statement on vaccine quality – resolved that all vaccines used within national immunization programmes meet WHO requirements (WHA45.17), thus reinforcing these guidelines as a credible goal for all countries – PDF

1990

September 29-30, 1990 – United Nations World Summit for Children – largest gathering of world leaders ever- READ, WIKI

• The Declaration on the Survival, Protection, and Development of Children was endorsed
• First Call for Children: World Declaration and Plan of Action from the World Summit for Children – Conventions of the Rights of the Child – a person under 18 years – PDF
• Childrens Vaccine Initiative (CVI) was launched

May 1990 – World Health Assembly set measles vaccine goal – REF

• “Reduction by 95% in measles deaths and reduction by 90 per cent of measles cases compared to pre-immunization levels by 1995, as a major step towards the global eradication of measles in the longer run”.

1989

1998 – UN Foundation : UN Human Rights Convention, The Convention on the Rights of the Child, was adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989 – REF,

• “The Convention breaks new ground in international law by legitimizing the needs of children, and outlines the minimum requirements for their legal and physical well-being. In particular the Convention defines the rights of all children to healthy and productive lives.” [vaccines = “health” to UN/WHO]
• The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is the only UN agency exclusively dedicated to children’s issues, including children’s health. It “helped to marshal international policy agreements on behalf of children. Most notable is the Convention on the Rights of the Child” One of UNICEF’s “primary missions consists of preventing and treating childhood illness and death.”

May 1989 – WHO: 42nd World Health Assembly set the agenda for the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in the 1990s. – REF

• Challenges included the reduction of measles incidence and elimination of neonatal tetanus by 1995, global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000, and the achievement of 90% immunization coverage for all vaccines by the year 2000.

1986

1986 – WHO: Global Programme for Vaccines and Immunization: Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) document “Immunization Policy” – which was used as “a basis for immunization programmes throughout the world.” – REF – Setting targets for “vaccine coverage” by 1990.

• In 1986 “… many programmes were in the early stages of development and global goals referred to the achievement of coverage targets” By 1996 the EPI focused on control of elimination of major childhood diseases

1983

1983 – A New Pandemic emerges HIV/AIDS- Much of the world’s optimism about the state of health was shattered by a new, mysterious pandemic, HIV/AIDS. In Australia, the virus was first identified in a patient in Sydney in 1983 – REF, REF

1983 – The First edition of Laboratory Biosafety Manual was published in 1983 – REF, SOURCE

• “The manual encourages countries to prepare specific codes of practice for the safe handling of pathogenic microorganisms in laboratories within their geographical borders, and provides expert guidance for developing such codes of practice.”

1981

1981 – WHO: World Health Day with the ‘Health for all by the year 2000‘ – REF

1981 – Vaccines available in 1981 – REF

1980

1980 – Because of 1974 EPI extensive training program, by 1980 “almost every country in the world adopted the principle of a national immunization programme – on the back of 6 vaccines – REF

1980 – WHO declared smallpox eradicated – now then need a new enemy to targed

• Somewhere in our history “vaccine” and “vaccination” has come to mean something very different to it’s original definition
  • Vaccine = cow (vacca) pox inoculation to ward of smallpox
  • Vaccination = Coined by Edward Jenner for the act of “vaccine inoculation to ward of smallpox”

1979

December 9, 1979 – Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication – sign parchment at Geneva – Archives of the Smallpox Eradication Programme –ARCHIVE, WHO Smallpox – 2014

• “The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977. Since then, the only known cases were caused by a laboratory accident in 1978 in Birmingham, England, which killed one person and caused a limited outbreak. Smallpox was officially declared eradicated in 1979 ” FAQ – ARCHIVE
• “When smallpox was officially certified as eradicated, in December 1979 an agreement was reached under which all remaining stocks of the virus would either be destroyed or passed to one of two secure laboratories – one in the United States and one in the Russian Federation. That process was completed in the early 1980s and since then no other laboratory has officially had access to the virus which causes smallpox.” – REF
• In 1980 the 33rd World Health Assembly endorsed the conclusions of the Global Commission for Certification of Smallpox Eradication that smallpox had been eradicated worldwide and that the return of the virus was unlikely – REF
• Smallpox is now a disease covered under WHO Global Alert and Resonse (GAR) – REF, originally Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR) – ARCHIVE

1978

September 12, 1978 – International Conference on Primary Health Care, in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan sets the historic goal of “Health for All” – REF, TIMELINE

1977

1977 – The first Essential Medicines List appeared in 1977, two years after the World Health Assembly introduced the concepts of “essential drugs” and “national drug policy” – REF

1974

May 23, 1974 – WHO launch of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) – all the world’s children should receive 6 vaccines – TIMELINE, REF, REF2, 50 year anniversary in 2024 – READ

• “Following the impressive success of the smallpox eradication programme, the World Health Organization looked for other activities that could build on what had already been achieved. In 1974 the Expanded Programme on Immunization  was created. “Expanded” because most programmes until then had only used smallpox, BCG and diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccines. EPI would include two new diseases. The six diseases chosen were tuberculosis, diphtheria, neonatal tetanus, whooping cough, poliomyelitis and measles.” – WHO History of Vaccines – REF
• “Selection was made on the basis of a high burden of disease and the availability of a well-tried vaccines at an affordable price. “Expanded” also meant increased coverage – incredibly, less than 5% of children in developing countries were being reached at that time by immunization services.” UNICEF and Rotary International partnered with EPI
• “Building on the momentum of the smallpox eradication effort, EPI was initiated with the goal of providing universal access to life-saving vaccines for children worldwide…” And so begins the mass, systematic “inoculation” program
• The programme developed training materials and disseminated them widely.  By 1980 “almost every country in the world adopted the principle of a national immunization programme.” – REF
• It is claimed in 1974 when WHO started its immunization services less than 5% of the world’s children were immunized. 25 years later, the figure stands at about 75% – REF
• By 2024 the WHO recommends 13 vaccine antigens, including COVID-19 – REF

1969

July 25, 1969 – Twenty-second World Health Assembly adopts “a revised and consolidated version of the previous International Sanitary Regulations” renamed the International Health Regulations (1996) – WHA – ARCHIVE, IHR – ARCHIVE, READ, PDF

• Following special review of the International Sanitary Regulations by the Committee on International Quarantine adopts the International Health Regulations (WHA22.46) annexed to report – PDF

1968

1968 – Second edition publication of the history of WHO a was when “a new phrase entered the text of the second volume, ‘smallpox eradication’.” – PDF

• “This occurred because, in 1958, the Eleventh World Health Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution initiating a worldwide programme for eradication of the disease”

1967

1967 – Official start year of the WHO Smallpox Eradication Program – which was declared eradicate in 1980 – REF

1966

1966 – The 19th World Health Assembly requested the Director-General of WHO to initiate action to carry out a world-wide smallpox eradication programme- REF

1961

1961 – WHO” At the 13th World Health Assembly (1960)- WHO publish their first immunization schedule – including smallpox vaccination, DTP, BCG, and TAB – REF

• Smallpox Eradication discussed “emphasizing the urgency of of achieving world-wide eradication” from p23 – PDF
• Establishment of National Public Health Cadres (WHA13.36)

1958

May 28, to June 13 1958 – Eleventh World Health Assembly (WHA) – Eradication of Smallpox Resolution (WHA11.54) was unanimously adopted – WHA official minutes READ, PDF, ARCHIVE, CREDIT

• It was deemed an opportune time “to raise the problem of the world-wide eradication of smallpox in the near future”
• Smallpox control has been raised since the 3rd WHA as noted “Having regard to the decisions and pertinent practical measures adopted by WHO for smallpox control and the intensification of antismallpox programmes, in particular resolutions WHA3.18, (Executive Board) EB11.R58, WHA6.18, EB12.R13, EB13.R3, WHA7.5, WHA8.38 and WHA9.49″
• “investigation of the means of ensuring the world -wide eradication of smallpox, taking into account the fact that smallpox persists in certain areas despite repeated vaccination campaigns

1958 (Published) – History: The First Ten Years of the World Health Organisation (1948-1957) – READ, SOURCE

• Part I – Evolution of International Public Health – CH 1,
  • “International public health had its origin, just over a century ago, in the International Sanitary Confernce which opened in Paris on 23 July, 1851.”
• Part II – Establishment of the World Health Organisation
• Part III – Ten Years of Work

1956

May 8-25, 1956 – Ninth World Health Assembly – PDF, SOURCE International Certificate of Vaccination

• Resolution WHA9.49 – Under International Quarantine “Additional Regulations of 23 May 1956 amending the International Sanitary Regulations with respect to the Form of the International Certificate of Vaccination or Revaccination against Smallpox”

• “The intensified struggle against malaria would be impossible were it not for the mobilizing of WHO’s resources side by side with the resources of UNICEF -the transport, the sprayers and the DDT” [pg57] DDT is mentioned 43 times in the document.
• “Perhaps no two organizations in the United Nations are associated by the very nature of their activities as closely as WHO and UNICEF. You [WHO] give assistance in the form of technical knowledge and advice ; we [UNICEF] give it in the form of supplies, equipment and training”

1955

May 10-27, 1955 – Eighth World Health Assembly – PDF, SOURCE

• Resolution WHA8.38 Campaigns against Smallpox
  • “URGES again that health administrations conduct, wherever necessary, campaigns against smallpox as an integral part of their public -health programmes”
• May 26, 1955 – WHA8.30 on Malaria Eradication [think polio incidence]
  • The “ultimate goal of malaria -control programmes should be the eradication of the disease”
  • It is recognised that mosquito species Anopheles sacharovi are resistant to DDT in Greece and in Panama, Anopheles albimanus exhibited strange behaviour “after some six years of exposure to DDT, began in one area to avoid treated surfaces…” Such behaviour characteristic, if widespread, would of course make DDT useless for malaria control.”

1954

May 4-21, 1954 – Seventh World Health Assembly – PDF, SOURCE

• Resolution WHA7.5 Campaigns against Smallpox
  • “Considering that Article 2(g) of the Constitution provides that a function of the Organization shall be “to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases“
  • …continue studies on the most effective methods of smallpox control” etc
• Also note: WHA7.50 – Relations with UNICEF – “…Recognizing that UNICEF, originally an emergency organization, has recently been put on an indefinite basis”

1953

May 5-22, 1953 – Sixth World Health Assembly – PDF, SOURCE, credit 11th WHA 1958

• Resolution WHA6.18 Study on Campaign against Smallpox following executive board resolution (EB11.R58)

1952

1952 – WHO: Global Yaws control programme a tropical bacterial disease – REF, SOURCE, Wikipedia –READ

• “One of the first diseases to claim WHO’s attention was yaws, a crippling and disfiguring disease that afflicted some 50 million people in 1950. The global Yaws control programme, fully operational between 1952-1964, used long-acting penicillin to treat yaws with one single injection” (to which they have no vaccine “yet”!)

1951

May 25, 1951 – Fourth World Health Assembly – WHO Member States adopted the International Sanitary Regulations (ISR) (resolution WHA4.76), following the WHO Regulations No. 1 of 1948 which would later evolve into the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) – READ, REF

• WHA4.75 adn 4.76 – Adoption of the International Sanitary Regulations (WHO Regulations No. 2) –
  • In 1969 the regulations were renamed the International Health Regulations (1969), and amended again in 1973, 1981, 2005.
• IHR were originally intended to help monitor and control six serious quarantinable infectious diseases: cholera, plague, yellow fever, smallpox, relapsing fever and typhus which were reported in the WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record (WER).  Today, only cholera, plague and yellow fever are notifiable diseases.” [4]

1950

May 8-27, 1950 – Third World Health Assembly – The first WHO WHA Resolution made for smallpox (WHA3.18) – PDF, SOURCE, credit 11th WHA 1958

• “REQUESTS the Expert Committee on Biological Standardization to consider the question of the establishment of a centre for the testing and standardization of smallpox vaccines, with particular reference to dried vaccine and RECOMMENDS that greater weight should be given to smallpox in the regular programme for 1952” – Pg469
• References to DDT for controlling mosquitoes – vectors for malaria and yellow fever. Consider the statements
  • “DDT, penicillin and other drugs have greatly extended the possibility of preventive care and remedial measures being made available to the people.”
  • Yellow Fever: “DDT and other larvicides and insecticides-an inexpensive and effective way of destroying not only the Aedes aegypti [mosquito] but other vectors of disease”
  • Re Typhus and other Rickettsioses: “WHO had sent technical experts, vaccine and DDT.”
  • Annex 6 – Availability of DDT insecticides for combatting malaria in Agricultural areas from July 14, 1949 – “Recommends that Member Governments facilitate as much as possible the freer flow into the countries where they are needed of insecticides…”
• This is important information when you consider the trend in DDT use and polio incidence around this time – DDT is a highly persistent pesticide, and clearly recommended by the WHO. DDT poisoning looks a lot like polio! – READ

• “Between 1936, when his Government’s Malaria Division had been founded, and 1945, when the use of DDT had begun, campaigns against malaria had been carried out according to the methods then generally accepted. At the end of 1945, DDT spraying had begun in Venezuela” – [pg244 1956]

1948

1948 – In 1948 the WHO took over the responsibility for the International Classification of Disease (ICD), which dates back to the 1850s and was first known as the International List of Causes of Death. – REF, SOURCE

1947

1947 – WHO – Expert Committee on Biological Standardization meets on an annual basis since 1947 and is responsible for the establishment of the WHO International Biological Reference Preparations and for the adoption of the WHO Recommendations and Guidelines. – vaccines are “biologicals” – 2005 ARCHIVE

• Technical report series 2^nd (1949) to 54^th (2003) report – REPORTS
• 2002 Thiomersal in vaccines – WHO consider the the real benefits of these vaccines vastly outweigh the theoretical risk of thiomersal – so jab away until we get a replacement –READ
• 1994 DNA began discussion – READ

1946

1946 – Documentary: DDT Versus Malaria: A Successful Experiment in Malaria Control (released 1947), by the Kenya Medical Department – EXCERPT

June 8, 1946 – JAMA Vol 131 – Accidental ingestion of DDT, with a note on its metabolism in man- by M. I. Smith MD – pg 519 – READ

• First authentic report of the toxicity of DDT on man – CREDIT
• JAMA record notes urine analysis of man – where a 5% solution of DDT insecticide spilled onto chewing tobacco in man’s pocket ….he vomited… “became nauseated and apprehensive and experienced a sensation of tightness, [transient] stiffness and pain of the jaws and soreness of the throat.” – CREDIT
• [why am I documenting these data points? – because DDT’s “transient stiffness” aka paralysis <48hrs was diagnosed as “polio” up until 1955 (after release of Salk vaccine), before they altered the diagnostic definition of Polio]

1946 – DDT Killer of Killers – “In the summer of 1946, a poliomyelitis epidemic swept the country — the worst epidemic since 1916” – REF

• “In 1945, almost 33 million pounds of DDT were produced in the United States…Production was stepped up even higher in 1946…” – REF

July 22, 1946 – The Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO)was signed in New York on July 22, 1946 on behalf of sixty-one States”, and came into force 2 years later on April 7, 1948 – TIMELINE

• The United Nations began operation October 24, 1945, under which the WHO was formed – TIMELINE

1945

1945 – Inactivated influenza vaccines introduced 1940s. “Since that time, they have been improved in terms of their standardization and purity.” – REF

• February 17, 1945: American Journal of Hygiene by Johns Hopkins University : The development of the 1943 vaccination study of the Commission on Influenza. Francis T Jr., 1945, 42:1-11 – READ
  • “Numerous investigations since 1935 have demonstrated that influenza virus in a variety of mateirals is capable of inducing a rise in circulating antibodies after subcutaneous inoculation of human individuals. The essential question of whether effective prophylaxis against influenza was obtainable…had …not been answered.”
• “These investigations were aided in part by the Commission on Influenza, Board for the Investigation and Control of Influenza and Other Epidemic Diseases in the Army, Preventive Medicine Service, Office of The Surgeon General, US Army, Washington DC.” Under Major General Norman T. Kirk, who established “the opportunity to study the effect of vaccination against influenza”
  • [The US Army was instrumental in bringing about the first influenza vaccine]
• Biological firms “who participated experimentally in the production of the vaccine used and furnished it at minimal cost” includes Lederle Laboratories, Parke, Davis and Company, and Sharp and Dohme

1945 – DDT use began (important in reference to polio) – [pg244 WHA 1956]

April 21, 1945 – British Medical Journal – first case study reported of DDT poisoning via skin – developing paralysis like symptoms – READ, CREDIT

1945

1945 (onward) – Archived documents from Dr. Szeming Sze who was instrumental in the creation of the World Health Organization (WHO) through the United Nations delegation (many PDFs) – ARCHIVE, WHO constitution – TIMELINE

1934

1934 – DDT is rediscovered “in the scientific laboratories of JLR. Geigy, A. G., of Basle, Switzerland”, name dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethan (DDT)

• [ BOOK: DDT: Killer of Killers by O.T. Zimmerman – READ]

• Then in 1939 the Colorado potato beetle came to Switzerland and an experiment with “a 1 % DDT dust” was successfully used. It was then used on heads to kill lice- REF
• In 1943, DDT was in commercial production at the Cincinnati Chemical Works, a subsidiary of Geigy Company, Inc., and early in 1944, Du Pont, Merck, and Hercules Powder Co. also went into production.”

1926

1926 – Australia hosted the League of Nations’ first international conference on health – REF

• The delegates discussed early warning systems for epidemics and quarantine issues, as well as various medical problems… then the Great Depression hit followed by World War II, afterwhich the World Health Organisation is formed in 1946

The post World Health Organisation (WHO) “vaccine” agenda first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

Many science and media publication make the claim that “vaccines save millions of lives” every year, but where is the source data to justify such claims? For the past 3 years, when ever I come across such a claim I’ve search to see if the author cited the source of their claim, but they don’t.

When starting to read Dr Aseem Malhotra‘s September 2022 paper “Curing the pandemic of misinformation on COVID-19 mRNA vaccines through real evidence-based medicine”, I couldn’t get past the first paragraph. In his opening statement, just like many vaccine papers, he made the bold claim that collectively traditional vaccines save 4-5 million lives every year, but for the first time, in seeing such a statement, the source was cited, the World Health Organisation (WHO). Finally I had a way of tracking down the science behind the claim, or so I thought.

Collectively, traditional vaccines are estimated to save approximately 4–5 million lives per year.

Malhotra paper

Now armed with the WHO Fact’s in Pictures on Immunization page link (URL) I went to check it out and was shocked (not really shocked) to find just a statement of alleged fact, with no citation, no “evidence” for how they determined 4-5 million deaths are prevented each year from immunization. This page is dated December 5, 2019, which is curious, and more curious.

The “Facts in Pictures” page for immunization does not cite the source of their 4-5 million current lives saved claim, it seems we just have to believe what the WHO writes as “fact”. What about the image with the little girls, what is with their fingers, is that a vaccination mark, and is that a vaccination card they are holding? I guess that is the “fact” in that picture a mark of being jabbed! (The same finger image is found in THIS 2017 report).

Suddenly (2021) from 2-3 million to 4-5 million lives saved

The Immunization page URL is first archived in May 2018 where there was just “an additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided” claim. It wasn’t until July 18, 2018 the page suddenly made the claim that “Immunization currently prevents 2-3 million deaths every year.” This is about half of what Dr Malhotra quoted in the current page, (which I have archived April 7, 2024 as proof), that is preventing 4-5 million deaths every year. The web page is dated “December 5, 2019”.

Looking at the archived pages, the closest to Dec 5th is December 20, 2019, which on that page version it strangely still mentions “2-3 million”, in fact it is not until April 27, 2021 before the 4-5 million is suddenly changed over night, yet they didn’t adjust the date, it still states “December 5, 2019”, not April 27, 2021. Is this just an oversight? I wonder, but it sure looks suspicious. No matter what, there still is no citation for the claim, or justification for why such a dramatic increase.

Side Note: Clicking on the “Credits” in the bottom of the WHO website image reveals “UN Foundation/Stuart Ramson“, so I typed that into DuckDuckGo and it seems Stuart Ramson is the photographer for the United Nations Foundation (UNF). So I look up UNF and find it is a non-profit, NGO that the web archives date back to 1999 with the first post marking the world reaching 6 Billion population! Curious.

The UNF was started in September 18, 1997 with a $1 Billion gift from R. E. Turner Vice Chairman, Time Warner Inc.. Their mission to help the UN Agenda for the 21st Century (Agenda 21) where children are key, and “$20 million a year – to benefit the neediest children” is allocated by UNF.

This is an example of the tangents and historical rabbit holes I get taken down when researching, trying to piece together the money and influence trail that has crafted the “vaccines are our saviour” narrative.

Searching for the source of the WHO’s “vaccines save millions of lives” claim

This page contains the link I’ve found digging through the WHO archives (and affiliated sites) trying to find a source for their estimated “vaccines save millions of lives” claim. All I find is statements and one citation to a Gates foundation funded paper.

At the time of writing (April 7, 2024) it appears the “millions of lives saved” due to vaccines claim is more turtles all the way down. just a marketing statement by an “authority head”, if they did have the date, they would cite it!

Links in reverse chronological order

Content will be added as I find reference to “lives saved” narrative.

2025

Now the narrative moves to 154 million over 50 years (i.e. 3 million / yr) – but the study has NO confidence intervals

March 26, 2025 – WHO: Vaccines and immunization: Vaccine safety – READ, ARCHIVE

• Vaccination is one of the best ways to prevent diseases. Over the past 50 years, essential vaccines saved at least 154 million lives (1). During the same period, vaccination has reduced infant deaths by 40%.
• “March 30, 2020″ …Reviewed and current on 14 December 2023.” – “Vaccination is one of the best ways to prevent diseases. Childhood vaccines save 3.5 to 5 million lives every year. In 2021, COVID-19 vaccines are estimated to have saved 14.4 million lives globally.” – ARCHIVE (no citations), ARCHIVE2
• Reviewed and current August 30, 2021: “Vaccination is one of the best ways to prevent diseases. In total, vaccines are estimated to save between 2 and 3 million lives every year.” – ARCHIVE

2024

May 25, 2024 – The Lancet: Contribution of vaccination to improved survival and health: modelling 50 years of the Expanded Programme on Immunization by Shattock et al – READ (study contains a timeline)

• 50 years on from Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) launched in1974

• This [marketing piece] study is now used to promote vaccine claims “Vaccines and immunization: Vaccine safety” – EXAMPLE

May 15, 2024 – WHO: Message by the Director of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals at WHO – April 2024 – READ, Lancet STUDY

• “In a groundbreaking study published by The Lancet and led by WHO, it has been quantified that global immunization efforts have saved an astonishing 154 million lives over the past five decades.”
• “The impressive outcomes of this study, the most extensive examination of historical vaccine impact to date, arrive just ahead of the 50th anniversary of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) in May 2024.”

May 15, 2024 – CDC: Why CDC is Involved in Global Immunization – prevent 4 million deaths/yr – ARCHIVE

• (1) Modeling the impact of vaccination for the immunization agenda 2030: Deaths averted due to vaccination against 14 pathogens in 194 countries from 2021-2030.Carter A, Msemburi W, Sim SY, A.M. Gaythorpe K, Lindstrand A, Hutubessy RCW. SSRN Electronic Journal. April 20, 2021. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3830781 – READ

April 24, 2024 – WHO Joint News Release: Global immunization efforts have saved at least 154 million lives over the past 50 years [Ave. 3million /yr] – READ, CREDIT

• “The study highlights that fewer than 5% of infants globally had access to routine immunization when EPI was launched. Today, 84% of infants are protected with 3 doses of the vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) – the global marker for immunization coverage.”

• [This DTP – WATCH]
• [Aaron Siri – this is “actually the epitome of the corruption of science in action…this study is based on assumptions and guess work…effectively an advertising piece for [WHO]” The studies reliability range is unreliable burried in page 42 of the supplement on uncertainties. “It could be equally true that 200 million lives were lost because of the vaccine programme” – EXCERPT, Hearing – FULL

• “Today, WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, and BMGF are unveiling “Humanly Possible”, a joint campaign, marking the annual World Immunization Week, 24-30 April 2024. The worldwide communication campaign calls on world leaders to advocate, support and fund vaccines and the immunization programmes that deliver these lifesaving products – reaffirming their commitment to public health, while celebrating one of humanity’s greatest achievements.” – REF
  • “Vaccines are one of humanity’s greatest achievements. Over the last 50 years, essential vaccines have saved at least 154 million lives. That’s 6 lives a minute, every day, for five decades.” – REF, ARCHIVE
  • “Immunization for All is Humanly Possible. – Vaccinations save lives – Tell world leaders it’s time for Immunization for All.” – REF
  • “Humanly Possible is a joint campaign of WHO, UNICEF, Gavi the Vaccine Alliance, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and many other[s]” – ARCHIVE
• WHO joins with UNICEF, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance & Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
• GAVI – An analysis of the impact of 50 years of the global vaccine programme shows the extraordinary value of vaccination – READ, UNICEF – READ, BMGF – READ

2023

July 18, 2023 – WHO: Immunization coverage facts – READ, ARCHIVES

• Introducing a new term “zero-dose children” that being children missing out on any vaccination (i.e. unvaccinated)
  • Zero dose children: 19.5 million infants (2016), 12.9 million (2019), 18.1 million ( 2021) to 14.3 million (2022)
• “While immunization is one of the most successful public health interventions, coverage plateaued in the decade prior to COVID-19. The COVID-19 pandemic, associated disruptions, and vaccination efforts strained health systems in 2020 and 2021, resulting in dramatic setbacks”
  • zero dose children coverage: 19.5 million infants (2016), 12.9 million (2019), 18.1 million ( 2021) to 14.3 million ( 2022)

2021

June 24, 2021 – Daily Sceptic: “The Vaccines Kill Two People for Every Three Lives They Save”, Says Peer-Reviewed Vaccine Study – READ

April 27, 2021 – WHO Facts in Pictures: Immunization (web page still dated Dec 5, 2019) – ARCHIVE, READ, April 7, 2024 still Dec 5, 2019 – ARCHIVE, the closest archive to Dec 5, 2019 is Dec 20, 2019.

• “Immunization currently prevents 4-5 million deaths every year”
• “Immunization prevents deaths every year in all age groups from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), influenza and measles. It is one of the most successful and cost-effective public health interventions. An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided, however, if global vaccination coverage improves.”
  • https://web.archive.org/web/20210427171733/https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/immunization – LINK, (for some reason the archive won’t bring up the date, so I place the URL for you to see the date denoting 2021/04/27)
• On April 26, 2021 – “fact” states 2-3 million, the day before 4-5 million – ARCHIVE
• What was happening around April 27, 2021 that could prompt the need for such a bold public health claim? (who really knows!) – TIMELINE
  • April 6, 2021 – Biden: 150 Millionth COVID-19 shot: get vaccinated “can save your life and the lives of others” – READ, ARCHIVE
  • April 19, 2021 – Biden started the $1billion public “education campaign” on get vaccinated – TIMELINE
  • April 20, 2021 – WHO calls mRNA/LNP a “vaccine platform technology” no longer a product, as the pandemic have provided remarkable proof of concept – TIMELINE
  • April 23, 2021 – CDC recommend COVID-19 vaccine for pregnant women – TIMELINE
  • April 28, 2021 – Biden’s 100th day: “We’re vaccinating the nation… After I promised we’d get 100 million COVID-19 vaccine shots into people’s arms in 100 days, we will have provided over 220 million COVID shots in those 100 days”…There’s no wall high enough to keep any virus out. And our own vaccine supply — as it grows to meet our needs; and we’re meeting them — will become an arsenal of vaccines for other countries, just as America was the arsenal of democracy for the world” – ARCHIVE (I’d hate to be the translator to make sense of his word salad!!)
  • April 30, 2021 – CDC breakthrough infections now public, although they knew this since early 2021 – TIMELINE

April 20, 2021 -SSRN Electronic Journal. Modeling the impact of vaccination for the immunization agenda 2030: Deaths averted due to vaccination against 14 pathogens in 194 countries from 2021-2030. by Carter A, Msemburi W, Sim SY, A.M. Gaythorpe K, Lindstrand A, Hutubessy RCW. – READ, ARCHIVE preprint – PDF, CDC Global Immuniataion (May 2024) – CREDIT, County Antigen Spreadsheet – EXCEL

• “Interpretation: The results from this global analysis demonstrate the major impact of mortality reductions if the IA2030 targets are met by 2030. Deaths caused by vaccine preventable diseases disproportionately affect LMICs in the African region.”
• “Overall, an estimated 51.0 million (95% CI: 48.5 – 53.7) deaths are expected to be averted due to vaccinations administered between the years 2021 and 2030. With immunization coverage projected to increase over 2021-2030 an average of 5.1 million per year (4.9 – 5.4) deaths will be averted annually, with 4.4 million(3.6- 5.1) deaths be averted for the year 2021, gradually rising to 5.8 million(4.9-6.6) deaths averted in 2030. The largest proportion of deaths is attributed to Measles and Hepatitis B accounting for 18.8 million (16.7-21.1) and 14 million (13.6-14.4) of total deaths averted respectively.”
• Modeling was for ten pathogens (Hepatitis B virus, Haemophilus influenzae type B, human papillomavirus, Japanese encephalitis, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus, rubella, yellow fever),…”For four pathogens (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and tuberculosis), we used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study and existing literature on vaccine efficacy.” [total 14 pathogens]
• Leveraging the data from 18 modeling groups as part of the Vaccine Impact Model Consortium (VIMC) WEBSITE, hosted at the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London – WEBSITE
• “Funding Statement: The project funding was received from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation“

January 28, 2021 – Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium: Vaccines against 10 diseases prevented 37 million deaths in LMICs in the last 20 years – READ

• The Lancet: Estimating the health impact of vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2030: a modelling study – Li, Neil Ferguson et al – READ,
  • “Global targets for vaccination have also continued to grow in ambition; the Global Vaccine Action Plan framework was launched in 2012 by WHO with the aim of preventing millions of deaths by 2020 through access to vaccines in all countries. This was further reinforced by target 3.8 of the Sustainable Development Goals calling for access to vaccines for all by 2030.”
  • Funded by GAVI and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
  • Preprint August 27, 2019 – READ, PDF (They updated it before peer review. Why?)
• Imperial College Press Release: Vaccines prevented 37 million deaths in Low-Middle Income Countries in the last 20 years (2000-2019) – 36 million in children under 5 years old. – READ
  • 2.1 million deaths/yr from measles averted in future years (2020-2030)!
  • COVID-19 “…a timely reminder that we cannot allow the pandemic to disrupt routine vaccinations”
  • [How many died because of vaccination? and why did they not go back to the 1980s? – WATCH]
• VIMC: Science Journal for Kids (and teachers) – How many lives do vaccines save? – READ, PDF, Imperial college – SOURCE, An NGO based in Texas – REF, REF, Started as a blog in May 2015 – REF

These findings show that since 2000, 36 million children under 5 have been saved by vaccines and another 28 million will be saved by 2030.

The magnitude of this cannot be underestimated. As a result of a simple vaccination, 36 million families were not left grieving for their child or baby – and these children were given the chance to grow up.

Professor Neil Ferguson

• VIMC Vaccine Impact – Data Visualisation Tool – HERE

2020

December 20, 2020 – WHO Facts in Pictures: Immunization (web page still dated Dec 5, 2019)- ARCHIVE

• Immunization currently prevents 2-3 million deaths every year

August 2020 – Health Affiars: Return On Investment From Immunization Against 10 Pathogens In 94 Low- And Middle-Income Countries, 2011–30 – So Yoon Sim et al (Authors from WHO, Johns Hopkins , GSK vaccines, BMGF) – READ, CDC – CREDIT

• This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant No. OPP1128214), obvious Conflicts of Interest

2019

December 20, 2019 (archive date, closest archive to Dec 5, 2019) – WHO Facts in Pictures: Immunization – the web page is dated December 5, 2019 – ARCHIVE, previous ARCHIVE is Oct 18, 2019, dated July 18, 2019.

• Immunization currently prevents 2-3 million deaths every year

July 18, 2019 – WHO Facts in Pictures: Immunization – ARCHIVE (with no citation)

• Immunization currently prevents 2-3 million deaths every year…An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided, however if global immunization coverage improves.

July 2019 – Progress and Challenges with Achieving Universal Immunization Coverage – WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage – PDF

• Just one vaccine. Notice the words used.

January 9, 2019 – TED Talk: How vaccines train the immune system in ways no one expected | Christine Stabell Benn – WATCH

• “The use of DTP vaccine may kill more children than it saves” – EXCERPT

2018

March 22, 2018 – WHO Facts in Pictures: Immunization – ARCHIVE (with no citation)

• An additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided, however, if global vaccination coverage improves.” No mention of the base number

February 28, 2018 – WHO Facts in Pictures: State of global health – READ, ARCHIVE Some claims by WHO

• In 2015, more than 16,000 children under age five died every day (5.84 million/year)
• 45% of deaths among children under age five occur during the first four weeks of life – they then refer to neonates.
• In 2015, an estimated 2.6 million babies were stillborn
• 1.3 million deaths in 2015 were attributable to hepatitis
• Global average life expectancy increased by 5 years between 2000 and 2015, the fastest increase since the 1960s to 71.4 years

February 8, 2018 – WHO: Immunization coverage – ARCHIVE, January 2018 – ARCHIVE

• “Immunization averts an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths every year from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), and measles; however, an additional 1.5 million deaths could be avoided if global vaccination coverage improves.”
• Global vaccination coverage has stalled at 86%, with no significant changes during the past year
• “The main goal of the 2017 campaign with the theme #VaccinesWork is to raise awareness about the critical importance of full immunization throughout life, and its role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.” – REF

2017

2017 – WHO: National Immunization Coverage Scorecards estimates for 2017 – PDF, ARCHIVE

• WHO-UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC) for 1998 to 2017 – REF, ARCHIVES, 2017 – ARCHIVE
• This report led to WHO Global Health Observatory (GHO) data with vaccination coverage, unvaccinated and mortality by “vaccine preventable diseases”- 2015 – ARCHIVE
• Septemer 6, 2017 Data, statistics and graphics – ARHVIE

2015

October 2015 – WHO: Vaccinations made friendly – Combating vaccine hesitancy – ARCHIVE

• “Globally, 1 in 5 children still do not receive routine life-saving immunizations, and an estimated 1.5 million children still die each year of diseases that could be prevented by vaccines that already exist. Addressing vaccine hesitancy is essential to close the global immunization gap.”

2014

June 6, 2014 – WHO: SAGE non-specific effects of vaccines Working Group – Evidence based recommendations on non-specific effects of BCG, DTP-containing and measles-containing vaccines on mortality in children under 5 years of age – PDF, CREDIT, TED Talk – CONTEXT

• “These studies had significant methodological limitations. Because of these limitations, the overall effects of DTP vaccines under different epidemiological conditions remain unclear, in particular under circumstances where the burden of target diseases has been reduced to very low levels”
• The WHO, after all these years, still don’t have study that can draw conclusions. The vaccinated vs unvaccinated study by Abby seems to have little value!

2013

WHO – Vaccine Safety Basics e-Course – This course aims to establish a shared understanding among professionals whose work is linked to vaccine safety issues – ARCHIVE

• “Lack of information, or inadequate or misleading information about vaccine safety increases the risk of the erosion of trust and confidence in health experts, immunization programmes and governments. Ultimately it can result in lost opportunities to protect health. WHO estimates that two million additional lives could be saved every year by the effective use of readily available vaccines”

2012

May 2012 – WHO 65th World Health Assembly – SAGE Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) 2011-2020 (resolution WHA65.17) framework was endorsed, to help realize the vision of the Decade of Vaccines launched by Bill Gates in 2010 – REF, GVAP- ARCHIVE, READ, UNICEF – READ

• GVAP is “a framework to prevent millions of deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases by 2020″

2011

January 2011 – WHO: Immunization – ARCHIVE

• “Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease.”
• Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases and is estimated to avert over between 2 and 3 million deaths each year….[immunization] has clearly defined target groups; it can be delivered effectively through outreach activities; and vaccination does not require any major lifestyle change”

2010

January 29, 2010 – Bill and Melinda Gates Pledge $10 Billion in Call for Decade of Vaccines – ARCHIVE, GAVI celebrates 10 years – ARCHIVE, WHO – ARCHIVE

• “Despite these achievements…2.4 million children continue to die each year from vaccine-preventable diseases.” – GAVI – REF
• BMGF: 2010 Annual Letter from Bill Gates: The Miracle of Vaccines – ARCHIVE
  • “Vaccines are a miracle because with three doses, mostly given in the first two years of life, you can prevent deadly diseases for an entire lifetime.” says Bill Gates, who is Rich
  • “se the impact is so incredible, vaccines are the foundation’s biggest area of investment—more than $800 million every year—and the return is substantial.”
    • “Each year, more than 100 million children are immunized against tuberculosis, polio, measles, and other diseases. But millions of other children, mostly in the world’s poorest countries, are not immunized.” – REF

2008

October 2008 – Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation : Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – ARCHIVE

• “Every year, 2.4 million children die from preventable diseases despite the availability of effective vaccines.”
• “Our goal is to increase the use of effective but underused vaccines and introduce new vaccines to prevent a total of 4 million deaths per year.”
• Public and private groups from around the world have come together in an effort to eventually immunize all children.
• Funding for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases – “We do not fund grants to individuals” – “We’re supporting efforts to protect children and help raise global immunization rates to 90 percent,” – REF

2008 – WHO: The Burden Vaccine-preventable diseases – In 2008, WHO estimated that 1.5 million of deaths among children under 5 years were due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination – ARCHIVE – (The graph as a refrence, though hard to read) – Web page has list of vax-preventable diseases.

• June 5, 2010 – The Lancet: Black RE et al – Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis – READ (for the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF, funded by WHO, UNICEF, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)
  • “Of the estimated 8·795 million deaths in children younger than 5 years worldwide in 2008, infectious diseases caused 68% (5·970 million) with the largest percentages due to pneumonia…”
  • The remaining 9 million are “estimated” by the WHO Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologics (WHO IVB). No citation for that portion of the data is provided.

2008 – WHO : Global Health Observatory (GHO): 2-3 million deaths averted annually from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), and measles by vaccination – ARCHIVE –

The mortality figures in all quote 2008 yet reports are 2009, 2012 and 2014!

• 2014 Global Immunization coverage report – mortality 1.5 million for 2008 – ARCHIVE
• 2015-16 the stopped updating the mortality number – ARCHIVE

2007

April 18, 2007 – CDC: How Vaccines Prevent Disease – ARCHIVE, Vaccine basics – ARCHIVE

• “Vaccines prevent disease in the people who receive them and protect those who come into contact with unvaccinated individuals. Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases and save lives….Vaccine-preventable diseases have a costly impact, resulting in doctor’s visits, hospitalizations, and premature deaths. Sick children can also cause parents to lose time from work.” [so how do they work? what does “protect” mean?]

January 26, 2007 – BMGF: Immunization Rates Hit Record Highs in Poor Countries – GAVI Immunization Programs in 2006 Prevented 600,000 Future Deaths, New Data Show – ARCHIVE, GAVI press release – ARCHIVE

• “New data from the World Health Organization (WHO) show that the GAVI Alliance, a groundbreaking global initiative to increase access to children’s vaccines, has brought immunization rates to record highs in poor countries.”

2006

February 15, 2006 – WHO: Immunization against diseases of public health importance – ARCHIVE

• “Vaccines – which protect against disease by inducing immunity – are widely and routinely administered around the world based on the common-sense principle that it is better to keep people from falling ill than to treat them once they are ill. Suffering, disability, and death are avoided”
• “Immunization averted about two million deaths in 2002″
• “Immunization is a proven tool for controlling and even eradicating disease.” – smallpox! – REF

2002

November 2, 2002 – WHO: Low investment in immunization and vaccines threatens Global Health – Immunization saves 3 million lives every year, but three million more could be saved – READ , ARCHIVE, 75% worlds children are reached with “essential vaccines” at US$1.56 billion a year

• Immunization saves 3 million lives every year, but three million more could be saved
  • Measles “causes about 700 000 deaths a year – (157,700 in 2011 – ARCHIVE)
  • Hepatitis B causes 520,000 deaths a year worldwide
  • Haemophilus influenzae type B kills 450,000 children in developing countries (meningitis and pneumonia – 1998 Position paper on Hib B vaccine REF)
  • “…”We need to act fast and effectively to ensure that children and adults everywhere have access to life-saving vaccines. From a global perspective, this is the only way of avoiding major epidemics of new and old diseases.” says Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, Director-General of WHO

2002 – WHO : The burden of Vaccine-preventable diseases – In 2002, WHO estimated that 1.4 million of deaths among children under 5 years were due to diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccination – ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE

• According to the WHO data 10.46 million children under 5 died from vaccine preventable disease in 2002, with a total of ~57 million deaths of all ages.

• The table was updated for 2008 data in 2013 – ARCHIVE

1998

January 10, 1998 – WHO Press Release: Vaccines can save up to 12 MILLION LIVES YEARLY – many new vacccines could be depolyed soon – ARCHIVE (4 million)

• Up to four million lives can be saved by the full deployment of existing but under-used vaccines, with costs from pennies to a few dollars per dose.
• “The development of new vaccines for diseases such as rotavirus diarrhoea and pneumococcal pneumonia in infants and the widespread deployment of under-used vaccines for diseases like measles can save up to 12 million lives a year, mostly from infections in childhood says the new Strategic Plan of the Children’s Vaccine Initiative (CVI).” Managing Opportunity and Change: AVision of Vaccination for the 21st Century
  • Dr Suzanne Humphries on CVI Strategic Plan – WATCH
• “The Children’s Vaccine Initiative is co-sponsored by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank and the Rockefeller Foundation.”
• “Vaccination is our most powerful weapon in the war against infectious diseases,” says J.W. Lee, M.D., Executive Secretary of the CVI.

1997

1997 – UNICEF: The State of the World’s Children 1997 (Part 1) – ARCHIVE, READ, SOURCE 9 million lives could be saved from immuniztion and antibiotics

• “…millions of children’s lives having been saved since 1990. But much remains to be done. More than 12.5 million children under five in developing countries continue to die each year, 9 million of them from causes for which inexpensive solutions and measures such as immunization and antibiotics have been routinely applied in the industrialized world for 50 years.²” [UNICEF is quoting themselves]
  • 2. UNICEF, The State of the World’s Children 1996, UNICEF, New York, 1995, p. 10; and UNICEF, The Progress of Nations 1996, p. 23. – PDF
• UNICEF Facts & Figures 199 – ARCHIVE, Health – ARCHIVE
  • About 2 million children worldwide under age five still die every year from six vaccine-preventable illnesses

1996

1996 – UNICEF Facts & Figures 1996 – Health – ARCHIVE

• About 2.4 million children worldwide under age five still die every year from six vaccine-preventable illnesses: diphtheria, measles, pertussis, polio, tuberculosis and tetanus. Developing countries reached a milestone in 1990 by immunizing an average 80% of children under one against these diseases. Coverage in 1977 was only 5% (were all vaccines available then??) – ARCHIVE
• Sub-Saharan Africa has increased coverage from 20% in the early 1980s to over 50% by 1994.
• Usually little more than a nuisance in industrialized countries, measles still claims the lives of 1.2 million children in developing countries each year. Measles immunization now prevents about 1.5 million child deaths a year, after immunization rates rose from about 25% in 1980 to over 80% in most regions in 1995.
• about 90,000 children are still crippled each year by polio …The goal of worldwide elimination [of polio] by the year 2000…The western hemisphere was declared polio-free in 1994
• About 3 million children die from dehydration due to diarrhoeal diseases, 80% of them in the first two years of life. [no vaccine yet]

1995

1995 – UN Foundation: Children’s Health: Challenges for the 21st Century – ARCHIVE, link to UN/WHO

• In 1974 only 5% of children in developing countries were immunized against polio, tetanus, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria and tuberculosis – (the six WHO EIP vaccines targets)

• By 1995, the immunization rate increased to 80%, saving more than 3 million children’s lives each year.
• UNICEF partners with WHO to provide the six basic vaccinations mentioned above that protect children from preventable but often deadly diseases. Without such protection, 2.7 million children would die from measles, 1.2 million would die from tetanus, and 1 million from whooping cough.” [total of 4.9 million saved!] – REF

1980

1980 – WHO declares smallpox eradicated – a new “enemy” is now needed to focus efforts

• “During the 1970’s and 1980‘s [not true, 1980 was the year smallpox declared eradicated], WHO led the successful global campaign for the eradication of smallpox. Prior to its eradication, smallpox affected up to 15 million people a year worldwide – killing 2 million annually.” …Smallpox eradication saves the world more than $1 billion/year in vaccination costs alone – and billions more in avoided medical costs.” – REF
• Following the success of the smallpox eradication campaign, WHO is leading the way to eradicate another debilitating disease, poliomyelitis” – REF
• “WHO believes that the complete eradication of polio can be realized by the year 2000. Eradication of the disease will result in annual savings of more than $1.5 billion worldwide” – REF

1974

May 23, 1974 – WHO agrees to WHA27.57 – the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) ‎ – Fourteenth plenary meeting, 23 May 1974 (‎Committee A, fifth report)‎ – READ, REF

• “The 27th World Health Assembly resolution formally established EPI against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, smallpox, and other diseases, where applicable, according to country-specific epidemiological situation.” – REF

1913

1913 – Modern Medicine by Sir William Osler, Volume 1, Chaper 23: “Vaccination” – READ

Definition. — Vaccination is the inoculation of vaccinia, by means of the virus of cowpox, and has for its object the production of a pock, with general symptoms, followed by more or less complete immunity against smallpox.

Yet by 1913 the word vaccine meant more than “vaccinia virus”, it could be injections of any “immunising” agent such as antitoxin serum injections or antitoxin-toxin vaccines then they began to employ Pasteur’s bacteria vaccine, calling it “vaccine treatment” or “vaccine therapy“. But was “vaccine” actually defined or just suggested?

An ideal vaccine should theoretically contain all the immunizing properties of the living bacteria in a form both incapable of infection and easily absorbed by the tissues. The way seems clear to employ bacilli for immunizing infants provided the bacillus used is avirulent for guinea-pigs and monkeys.

Page 312

The post Vaccines Save Millions of Lives first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

Since 2022 the TGA, just like the WHO and FDA, have updated their website and deleted many pages, which makes it difficult to locate information, so be aware many links below are web archived pages. You’d think public health were trying to make it difficult for the public to find vaccine information!

There is no legal definition for “vaccine”

• IMPORTANT: No where in Therapeutic Goods Act or Regulations is there a definition for what constitutes a “vaccine” product, as such there is no legal definition. Yet the regulations call for an Advisory Committee on Vaccines (ACV)!
  • According to the regulations “vaccines” fall under the category of “Biological Medicine“, but not the blood/tissue product type of Biological.
  • The regulations have a definition for “gene therapy” products, yet mRNA “vaccines” some how escaped that category, yet fit the definition perfectly.
  • It appears if a sponsor refers to their product as a “vaccine” then it is considered a vaccine by the regulator!
  • It appears if the mRNA code encodes for an antigen protein, that is all that is needed for it to be considered a “vaccine”, if it encodes a human derived protein it will likely be considered a “drug”. It’s all in the code (as far as I can work out! – Totally shocking!)

To fully understand the TGA we need to also look at the history of the Department of Health in Australia, of which the TGA falls under.

Australian Register for Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) – HERE, ARCHIVE

Read more for youreself:

• History of TGA – PDF

• History of Clinical Trials regulation Australia – HERE

Brief History of TGA

1911- Commonwealth Vaccine Depot (CVD) was established

1916 – CVD became Commonwealth Serum Laboratories (CSL) during war time to provide a source of anti-toxins and other biological agents, it took over manufacture of smallpox vaccine. [1, 5]

• CSL is privatised in 1991, sold in 1994 to private investors for $299 million [2] now worth $145 billion [3]
• 1956 CSL mass produced polio vaccine [6]

1921 – Department of Health was established [4]

1937 – Therapeutic Substances Act 1937 giving Minister of Health drug control powers

1953 – Therapeutic Substances Act 1953 administered by Dept of Health

1953 – National Biological Standards Laboratory (NBSL) established to monitor imported products

1989 – Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 – HERE

1989 – Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) was created as a Division of the Department of Health equivalent

1990 – Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 – HERE

2001 – Office of Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) established out of Act and Regulation – MORE

TGA: Definition of Gene Therapy

Documents and links below help provide a thread of understanding of the local and global regulatory web and “justification” for consolidation, which they call “harmonisation”. It all sounds good to streamline the regulation of the same product around the world, until you realise the decisions are distantly related to “health” but closely controlled or influenced by those who profit.

Listed in reverse chronological order

This timeline is a work in progress, content will be added as time permits

2024

January 17, 2024 – The European lobby Kangaroo Group, hosted a lunch in the European Parliament with Members with BioNTech and Moderna as key speakers, to discuss the forthcoming revision of “European Commission’s proposal for a reform of the EU General Pharmaceutical Legislation (GPL)”. EU- ARCHIVE, KG – ARCHIVE, PDF, CREDIT

• Their objective to effecttively change the definition of gene therapy, underwhich their COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are classified, and to create a “definition of Platform Technologies, as well as a clear demarcation between Gene Therapies Medicinal Products that alter human genomes, and those that do not (e.g. mRNA).”
• [If it is happening in the EU, it’s likely happening with all regulators]

2023

February 24, 2023 TGA – Priority Review pathway for biologicals: feasibility, potential eligibility criteria and determination process – submissions – READ, Priority review – WEB, Priority Review of Biologicals – READ, Application Process – READ

• [It’s unclear when the Priority Review legislation was updated as the TGA no longer add dates to their web pages, like they’re trying to hide something, at the very least make it harder to track their changes.]
• Consultation opened March 28, 2022 – REA

2022

August 1, 2022 – Journal of Law and Medicine: A new priority pathway for biologicals in Australia: contextualising and evaluating the proposed reforms by Rudge et al – READ, READ

• Examines recent reforms to the regulatory framework for biologicals contained in the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 (Cth) in the context of the “New Frontier” of reform envisioned in a report completed by the Commonwealth Government in 2021….identifies several potential shortcomings of the proposed reforms and reports on the current lack of data on the processes of expedited approvals in Australia more generally.

July 4, 2022 – TGA Advanced Therapies: Report on ‘Cell, Gene and Tissue Regulatory Framework in Australia – A stakeholder engagement report on Advanced Therapies prepared for the Therapeutic Goods Administration – READ, Report – PDF, ARCHIVE

• In November 2021 the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) commissioned Medical Technologies and Pharmaceuticals Growth Centre (MTP Connect) to conduct a stakeholder review of the regulatory framework for gene, cell and tissue therapies in Australia.

May 23, 2022 – ARCS Annual Conference 2022: Regulation of cell and gene therapies in Australia – Presentation – PDF

• Biological Medicines (prescription medicines) – vaccines (that do not contain viable human cells)
• February to April 2022 – TGA initiated a public consultation – support the introduction of a new Priority Review pathway for biologicals
  • Consideration for priority – the biological is to be used for treatment, prevention [AKA VACCINE!] or diagnosis of a life threatening disease or seriously debilitating condition (as described by the TGA)

January 10, 2022 – TGA – New catagory appears called Advanced Therapies, under which gene therapies suddenly appears! – ARCHIVE, READ, Quitely added to the website with NO press release or statement – ARCHIVE, unable to find regulatory change around this time – READ

2021

June 4, 2021 – June 4, 2021 – Legislation: Therapeutic Goods Amendment (Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code) Instrument 2021 – ARCHIVE – It is now “legal” or permissible to advertise COVID-19 vaccines “safe” in Australia – TIMELINE

• Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code is amemded to be able to claim COVID-19 vaccines as “safe” – (Dr Philip Altman) – REF [As I am not a legal person it is unclear which instrument brought this advertising permission into effect, it appears to be June 4, 2021 set off the snowball]

• June 4, 2021 – Dept Health: Therapeutic Goods (Restricted Representations – COVID-19 Vaccines) Permission 2021 – Skerritt’s letter – (now Repealed) READ, no early ARCHIVE
  • “These arrangements have been enabled by the Therapeutic Goods (Restricted Representations—COVID-19 Vaccines) Permission 2021 made on 4 June 2021. . An amendment to the Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code (No.2) 2018 – external site) has also been made to remove the requirement for self-developed advertising to comply with the Code, as the critical requirements have been covered in the above Permission.”
  • relevant COVID-19 vaccines means registered goods – where “registered” includes experimental provisional goods!
• June 7, 2021 – Dept Health: New regulatory arrangements support businesses and health professionals to communicate and incentivise COVID-19 vaccination – READ, ARCHIVE,
• September 23, 2021 – Legislation change: Therapeutic Goods (Restricted Representations – COVID-19 Vaccines) Permission (No. 4) 2021 – READ , ARCHIVE
  • Authority: This instrument is made under section 42DK of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989
  • “In recognition of the importance of responsible communications regarding the COVID-19 vaccination program, the TGA has issued a subsequent legal permission (the 2021 permission) that allows advertisers such as health professionals, participating vaccination sites, corporate entities, media outlets and others to develop their own materials to communicate publicly about COVID-19 vaccines subject to the conditions below.” – REF

• November 8, 2021 – TGA: Communicating about COVID-19 vaccines – ARCHIVE
  • The following guidance explains how parties can lawfully provide communications about COVID-19 vaccines to support the Government’s COVID-19 vaccine roll-out.
• November 29, 2021 – Legislation: Therapeutic Goods (Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code) Instrument 2021 – ARCHIVE
• July 1, 2022 – The Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code (the Code) is the cornerstone of the therapeutic goods advertising regulatory framework – ARCHIVE
  • “From 1 July 2022, advertisers must ensure their advertisements comply with the Therapeutic Goods (Therapeutic Goods Advertising Code) Instrument 2021 (2021 Advertising Code).”

April 21, 2021 – Monash Uni: Monash supports Australia’s first mRNA vaccine facility – ARCHIVE

• The Victorian government has announced it will put $50 million towards the first domestic production of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, such as Pfizer and Moderna…
• Experts from Monash University’s Biomedicine Discovery Institute will also work on the project, including mRNA specialists from the fields of biotechnology, infectious disease, immunity and cancer.
• The proven scalability and comparative low-cost vaccine manufacturing potential of mRNA vaccines and nanomedicines secures them as the critical technology platform for vaccines and medicines of the future.
• Increasingly, mRNA nanomedicine can also be used in the treatment of cancer, rare diseases, cellular engineering and protein-replacement therapy, so this investment will help accelerate mRNA projects and develop new treatments to save lives.

2019

November 21, 2019 : Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for new and emerging technologies: Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) – Presentation – ARCHIVE, PDF

September 27, 2019 – TGA business plan 2019-20 – ARCHIVE, PDF

• “The Business Plan sets out our product regulation, regulatory reform, international engagement and regulatory compliance agenda for 2019-20 and the steps we will take to achieve our vision.”

Better health and wellbeing for all Australians through regulatory excellence

TGA Vision statement

• Our priorities are derived from:…TGA International Engagement Strategy 2016-2020 – READ (which began in 2013)
• TGA “proactively responding to innovations in therapeutic goods, which may require updates to regulation all identifiable opportunities for international work sharing and harmonisation.”
• “The TGA annual budget is approximately $165 million and we operate predominantly on a cost recovery basis. The regulatory costs are recovered through fees and charges levied on sponsors and manufacturers of therapeutic goods…” – REF

• The Australia-Canada-Singapore-Switzerland (ACSS) Consortium‘s work sharing pilot on New Chemical Entities is a unique global collaboration between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry.

August 12, 2019 – Dept Health: Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza (AHMPPI) – READ, ARCHIVE, PDF

• AHMPPI, the national government health sector pandemic influenza plan, outlines the agreed arrangements between the Australian Government and State and Territory Governments for the management of an influenza pandemic. This agreement was ignored a few months later when another respriatory virus pandemic was declared in 2020!
• The previous version of this plan was 2008, which conincidentally a year later the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was declared. The Australian govt did successfully utilised the plan that year.

June 2019 – TGA Annual performance statistics report: July 2018 to June 2019 – “provides detailed statistical information on our performance to our stakeholders.” – ARCHIVE, (2016-2019) – ARCHIVE

• “At 30 June 2019 there were 88,788 therapeutic goods on the ARTG, including 31,987 new products added during the reporting period. All therapeutic goods registered on the ARTG can be lawfully manufactured and supplied in Australia and include prescription medicines, over-the-counter medicines, complementary medicines, biologicals, and medical devices.” [curiously no mention of vaccines, which are a separate category called biological medicines, separate from bioligicals]
  • Thus 36% of all registered products listed on ARTG were added in one financial year!

February 8, 2019 – Prescription medicine major variation: discretionary power to reduce fees in exceptional circumstances – ARCHIVE

• The sponsors fee reduction is only intended for safety related changes in certain circumstances.

2018

December 2018 – TGA release a promotional video below, … they’re “looking out for you.” – WATCH, ARCHIVE

August 2, 2018 -TGA: Priority review pathway: prescription medicines- Information on the priority review pathway for the registration of novel prescription medicines – READ

June 29, 2018 – TGA Advertising Code opens up definition for a “serious form of a disease” “to be anything deemed “medically accepted” as a serious disease or a diagnostic test available” – TIMELINE

March 29, 2018 – Provisional Registration added to TGA legislation – TIMELINE

• “On March 29, 2018 the Australian government added a Provisional Registration (PR) amendment  to the Therapeutic Goods Act (1989), of which the TGA Secretary now has overriding power to send a product application through the registration process with only preliminary clinical data.”

March 23, 2018 – TGA: Completing a designation or determination extension application form in TGA Business Services – A step-by-step guide for agents and sponsors who wish to apply for an extension of a previously approved provisional determination – ARCHIVE, SOURCE

March 21, 2018 – TGA: Australian Regulatory Guidelines for Prescription Medicines (ARGPM) -UPDATE: Implementation of a Provisional approval pathway for the time limited registration of eligible prescription medicines now avaliable – ARCHIVE

March 20, 2018 – TGA announce time-limited provisional registration pathway is now available – ARCHIVE, TIMELINE

• ” The provisional approval pathway allows sponsors to apply for time-limited provisional registration on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG)
• “As part of the Government’s response to the Review of Medicines and Medical Devices Regulation (MMDR review), we are implementing a pathway for the provisional registration of prescription medicines. Approval through the provisional pathway will be on the basis of preliminary clinical data where there is the potential for a substantial benefit to Australian patients.
• The provisional approval pathway allows sponsors to apply for time-limited provisional registration on the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG). It provides access to certain promising new medicines where we assess that the benefit of early availability of the medicine outweighs the risk inherent in the fact that additional data are still required.”
  

March 6, 2018 – TGA legislations change sets up for government to advertise “vaccines” on TV in the interest of public health –TIMELINE

January 2, 2018 – TGA announce Comparable overseas regulators (CORs) for prescription medicines – Criteria, COR report-based process and work-sharing – ARCHIVE, SOURCE

• “In response to the Medicines and Medical Devices Review (MMDR) we are reforming the way we collaborate with comparable overseas regulators” – and “implementing a formal process for work-sharing with CORs on prescription medicines applications.”
• Under this process, multiple regulators would be able to work simultaneously on different parts of a dossier submitted for evaluation in each jurisdiction. A joint evaluation report would then be provided to each agency to allow independent decision-making.”
• They began with re-assessing generic medicines – Nov 2017 ACSS Consortium and the Generic Medicines Work-Sharing Trial presentation – ARCHIVE

2017

June 26, 2017 – TGA: Priority review pathway for the registration of novel prescription medicines for Australian patients, providing “faster assessment of vital and life-saving prescription medicines” – ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE

• The very pathway all COVID-19 vaccine entered to gain regulatory handshake
• Sponsors lodge their application first for TGA Secretary to determine whether the medicine/vaccine is eligible for registration via the Priority review pathway, once approved it enters the provisional pathway.

March 2017 – TGA: Expert Panel Review of Medicines and Medical Devices Regulation 2016 – Streamlining Statutory TGA advisory committees – ARCHIVE

• Efficiencies will be achieved through reducing the number of statutory advisory committees that provide independent expert advice to the TGA. – i.e. Advisory Committee for Vaccines (ACV) funded by the sponsor “cost arrangement” – TIMELINE

January 2, 2017

2016

September 15, 2016 – TGA: Australian Government Response to the Review of Medicines and Medical Devices Regulation – The case for reform presented by the Expert Panel – ARCHIVE, Reforms proposed – ARCHIVE

• “The Expert Panel identified several significant trends in the regulation of medicines and medical devices internationally. In particular,…allowing earlier access to medicines … through the development of provisional approval pathways” There are “benefits of harmonising international regulatory frameworks”.
• “TGA has a strong reputation as a regulator both domestically and internationally, and benchmarks well against comparable overseas regulators. However, …there are opportunities for reform and improvement in the regulation of therapeutic goods.”
• “…allowing for greater flexibility in approval pathways …(including greater use of overseas assessment reports and provisional approvals in certain circumstances) would expedite access to market without compromising the safety, quality and efficacy or performance of medicines and medical devices.” [Bold claim!]
• “The Panel also identified areas of regulation where a more risk-based approach could be adopted to more appropriately align regulation with the risk posed by regulated products” [Do you sense they are suggesting vaccines here, which are believed to be, by default of their name, safe and effective” ?]

May 2016 – The Australian Government Response to the Review of Medicines and Medical Devices Regulation – PDF, ARCHIVE

• Recommendation 10 – Provisional: “Subject to the provision of clear advice to consumers and health practitioners that the medicine has been granted provisional approval and the implications of that for the consumer/health practitioner”
  • [Was it made clear th the pubic and health practitioners that the COVID-19 vaccines in Australia were “Provisional” when released in 2021?]

2015

November 2015 – Australian Goverment establishes Medical Technologies and Pharmaceuticals Growth Centre (MTP Connect) – as part of the $248 million Industry Growth Centres Initiative, an alleged independent, not-for-profit organisation – ARCHIVE , Gov- ARCHIVE, Factsheet – PDF

• MTP Connect Chair, Dr Bronwyn Evans – was from 2009-2012, the Chair of the Medical Technology Association of Australia (MTAA), a national peak industry body representing companies in the medical technology industry…for a healthier Australia..and “also play a vital role in providing healthcare professionals with essential education and training” – of non-pharmaceutical products. REF

July 31, 2015 – Review of Medicines and Medical Devices Regulation: Recommendations to the Minister for Health on the Regulatory Frameworks for Medicines, Medical Devices, Complementary Medicines and Advertising of Therapeutic Goods – Stage TWO Review report – PDF, PDF, ARCHIVE

• “The rapid pace of innovation and change in the health sector confers both benefits and risks. The Government’s deregulation agenda is based on the core principle that well-designed regulation has a role in achieving the greatest net benefit for the Australian community….positioning Australia to effectively respond to emerging opportunities for, and manage challenges to the health and safety of the public”

March 31, 2015 – Expert Panel Stage ONE Review report and discussion papers – PDF, ARCHIVE

2015 – TGA Acronyms & Glossary – Definitions – ARCHIVE, READ

• Active Ingredient
• Anticeptic
• Bacterial endotoxin limit 
• Bioburden
• Biological
• Biological Medicine (vaccine)
• Cochrane review
• Common Technical Document (CTD) format – An internationally agreed set of specifications for a submission dossier….
• Disease
• Drug – See medicine (Section 3(1) of TG Act
• Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
• Homoeopathic preparation   
• Informed consent
  • “In relation to treatment or proposed treatment, means consent freely given by a person on the basis of information concerning the potential risks and benefits of the treatment that was sufficient information to allow the person to make an informed decision whether to consent to the treatment”
• Medicine
• (no definition for “Gene Therapy” but can be found in the TG Regulations)
• (no definition for vaccine, can’t be found anywhere!)
• Medical Device – READ
• New chemical entity (NCE) – could be anything!
• Placebo
  • “An inactive substance or treatment that supposedly has no treatment value. It is given to participants in clinical trials as a control against which to compare the effects of the test substance. In practice, placebos may also have positive or negative effects on trial participants.” 
• Control
  • “In clinical trials comparing two or more interventions, a control is a person in the comparison group that does not receive the medicine or treatment under evaluation. Instead that person receives a placebo, no intervention, usual care or another form of care. In case-control studies, a control is a person in the comparison group without the disease or outcome of interest.”
• Therapeutic goods     

2015 – Legislation Australian Immunisation Register Act 2015 – NEED MORE INFO

• recognised vaccination provider within the meaning of the Australian Immunisation Register Act 2015 – REF

2014

October 28, 2014 – Dept. Health: Expert Review of Medicines and Medical Devices Regulation announced – ARCHIVE, Web page ARCHVIES

• Media Release: Health Minister Peter Dutton and Assistant Minister for Health Fiona Nash announced they had appointed an Expert Panel Review of Medicines and Medical Device Regulation – PDF
  • “We need a modern regulatory framework to ensure Australians can access the latest treatments in a timely manner,” Dutton
• The scope of the Review is set out in the Terms of Reference, review report due March 31, 2015 – PDF
• The Review panel experts are Emeritus Professor Lloyd Sansom AO (chair), Professor John Horvath AO, Mr Will Delaat AM

June 5, 2014 – The Health Ministerial Advisory Council – ARCHIVE

• Health Ministerial Advisory Council (Health MAC) has been established to provide advice to the Health Ministers about opportunities to reduce regulatory and red tape burden within the Health portfolio. Health MAC falls within the Deregulation Branch, Best Practice Regulation and Deregulation Division of the Department of Health.
  • Chair: Hon Peter Dutton MP, Minister for Health and Minister for Sport
  • Deputy Chair: Senator the Hon Fiona Nash, Assistant Minister for Health

April 22, 2014 – Dept Health: Regulation and Red Tape Reduction – The deregulation agenda – ARCHIVE

• Deregulation Unit within the Department’s Best Practice Regulation and Deregulation Division has been established to promote regulatory performance across the Health portfolio

March 19, 2014 – Abbott government as part the 2014 Autumn Repeal Day: The Australian Government Guide to Regulation – Cutting Red Tape, for the Australian Public Service involved in policy making, Honourable Josh Frydenberg MP, Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister – READ, PDF, WEB

• It is no mandatory that every government policy proposal designed to introduce or abolish regulation must now be accompanied by an Australian Government Regulation Impact Statement (RIS)
• Australian Government has a plan to cut $1 billion in red tape every year. Regulation is “Any rule endorsed by government where there is an expectation of compliance”.

2013

International regulatory cooperation takes hold – “harmonisation” – regulatory assessment becomes consolidated

July 2013 – TGA International Engagement Strategy 2013-2015 (it begins) – Version 1.0 July 2013 – ARCHIVE, updated versions ARCHIVE, SOURCE

• “The therapeutic goods industry is becoming increasingly globalised and the TGA must be able to assure public confidence in products no matter where they are produced. As this is occurring, international regulators are demonstrating a greater willingness to develop partnerships and share information, skills and experience to ensure more informed and consistent decisions about the quality, safety and efficacy of therapeutic products.”
• “The major return on this investment is a reduction in duplication of effort in pre and post market evaluation of therapeutic goods, leading to a more efficient and effective regulatory system.” – i.e. to drive harmonisation
• The strategy will be reviewed periodically and amended as necessary in response to the changing international environment…
• The development of the joint Australia and New Zealand Therapeutic Products Agency (ANZTPA) [which eventually failed and was disbanded]

2011

May 31, 2011 – TGA – Biologicals legislation commenced following a recommendation from Commonwealth, State and Territory health ministers to improve the regulation of human tissues and cell-based therapies. – REF Providing the regulatory framework for biologicals

• What is regulated as a biological – Human derived – ARCHIVE
• Different to blood and tissued – ARCHIVE
• Don’d confuse “biological” with “biological medicine”, the latter is where “vaccine” is placed.
• First introduced in May 2011, the regulatory framework for biologicals provides the legislative basis for the regulation of human tissue and cell-derived products as well as live animal cell, tissues or organs that are supplied, in or exported from, Australia (TGA, 2017, 2021b). For those therapeutic goods, regulated by the TGA, and which are produced by genetic manipulation (GM), the TGA is required to seek advice from Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (OGTR) (TGA, 2004) – PDF

2010

November 1, 2010 – TGA introduced a streamlined submission process for prescription medicine applications that require the evaluation of non-clinical, clinical and/or bioequivalence information (category 1 and category 2 submissions). – REF

• Jan 17, 2011 – Transition information about the streamlined submission process – ARCHIVE
• To support sponsors in meeting the regulatory requirements under the streamlined submission process, a regulatory framework of legislative instruments has been created.

2009

The year the TGA introduced Business process reforms which included – AusPAR and PI/CMI

December 2009 – The first Australian Public Assessment Report (AusPAR) was published – a Publication of a regulatory decisions – REF, Australian Public Assessment Record (AusPAR) – ARCHIVE updated 2014 – READ

• The AusPAR project, part of the Prescription medicines business process reform project (BPR program) – “is increasing the transparency of the prescription medicine regulatory process by publicly releasing (since December 2009), Australian Public Assessment Records (AusPAR) for new products of major variations to existing products.” –REF
• “AusPAR provides information about the evaluation of a prescription medicine and the considerations that led the TGA to approve or not approve an application”
• “The TGA works with international counterparts in order to reduce the worldwide regulatory burden and increase the global uniformity of data requirements. Thus, wherever possible, the TGA’s requirements are the same as those of other major regulatory agencies.” [Thus FDA, EMA and UK medical agency important to take note of]

November 2009 – PI/CMI project launched – ARCHIVE

• “Since November 2009, the PI/CMI project provided via the TGA website “a single trusted source for product information (PI) and consumer medicine information (CMI)” to provide consumers and health professionals “enhanced access to prescription medicine information.” – REF,

April 2009 – The Industry Working Group (IWG) has provided advice and assistance on the range of business process reforms. Under the terms of reference, members of the working group are not representatives of individual sponsors, but bring specific expertise to the working group.” – REF

2009 – Streamlined Submission Process project (prescription medicines) “In early 2009, the TGA commenced a significant program of business process reforms (BPR program) for the regulation of prescription medicines in Australia” – REF

• “The key elements of the BPR program were identified during an industry consultation workshop held on 17 December 2007 which brought together representative of the TGA, Medicines Australia, and the Department of Health and Ageing. These initiatives are part of the Australian Government’s broader regulatory reform agenda.” – ARCHIVE
• There are three projects within the BPR program: –REF
  • Streamlined submission process project – ARCHIVE
  • PI/CMI project – ARCHIVE
  • AusPAR project (Dec 2009) – REF, AusPAR – ARCHIVE

2008

2008 – Department of Health and Ageing: Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza (AHMPPI) 2008 – READ, REF,

• This plan was used the following year in the 2009 pandemic which ended up being “mild” – READ

2007

December 17, 2007 – TGA holds an industry consultation workshop – REF

• The key elements of the 2009 business process reforms (BPR program) “were identified during an industry consultation workshop held on 17 December 2007 which brought together representative of the TGA, Medicines Australia, and the Department of Health and Ageing.”

November 2007 – Biosecurity and Emergency Response: The National Health Security Act 2007 and the National Health Security Agreement – Dept Health 2007-08 Annual Report – PDF

• To improve the identification and response capacities of health authorities to national and international public health events, such as an influenza pandemic.
• N5H1 vaccines added to National Medical Stockpile
• Implemented outcomes of Oct 2006 National Pandemic Influenza Exercise — Exercise Cumpston’ 06 – READ
• Commenced revision of the Australian Health Management Plan for Pandemic Influenza (2003) to ensure that the plan is based on the latest evidence. (See 2008)

2006

October 2006 – Therapeutic Goods Administration and Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate (BGTD) of Health Canada – Parallel Review Pilot Project – ARCHIVE

• The project will involve the two agencies reviewing one or more submissions in parallel with an aim to enhance cooperation between regulators in various jurisdictions around the world.”
• November 8, 2006 – Health Canada:

October 16-19, 2006 – Exercise Cumpston’ 06 : Australia holds Australia’s largest ever health exercise and was one of the first major exercises on pandemic influenza conducted in any country – REPORT, READ, TIMELINE

July 10, 2006 – “On July 10, 2006, Health Canada issued a Notice of Compliance to Merck Frosst Canada Ltd. for the vaccine product Gardasil^TM – ARCHIVE

2005

2005 – “Australia had been in the pandemic “ALERT” phase since 2005 following the emergence of the avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans.” REF

2004

August 19-20, 2004 – The 9th National Public Health Association of Australia Inc (PHAA) Immunisation & 1st PHAA Asia-Pacific Vaccine Preventable Diseases Conference: ‘Immunisation at the crossroads: Challenges and Strategies‘ –READ, REF, PHA is an advocacy group – ARCHIVE

• PHAA Vaccines in Public Health Short Course before the conference!
• 1998 the 6th conference Immunisation Beyond 2000 – HERE

January 2004 – Dept Health & Ageing: Protecting Australia against Communicable Disease: Everybody’s Business – PDF (Referenced by Halton)

• “Influenza virus is a continuing global threat because it can spread easily and evolve rapidly to elude our prevention and treatment strategies.” [i.e. flu vaccines]

2003

November 5, 2003 – WHO Global Training Network (GTN) course on vaccine regulation for National Control Authorities – ARCHIVE

• “The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is one of the accredited training centres around the world that contributes to the WHO Global Training Network (GTN). The GTN was developed in 1996 as a means of providing educational resources to staff of vaccine production facilities and regulatory agencies responsible for control of vaccines.”

October 2003 – The Australian Action Plan for Pandemic Influenza was endorsed by the National Public Health Partnership and the Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council – Dept Health Annual Report 2003-04 – by Secretary of Department of Health and Ageing, Jane Halton – ARCHIVE, REF

• The 2003-04 outbreak of avian influenza H5N1 (bird ’flu) in Asia “was the second time in as many years that an unknown and highly contagious disease had posed a major international threat, the previous one being SARS” (a coronavirus)
• So Australia compiles an influenza plan (not a respiratory virus pandemic plan) to provide direction for the Australian, State and Territory governments and emergency services in the event of an influenza pandemic.
• “Influenza pandemics result from a major change in the structure of the influenza virus and are expected to occur about every 30 years. Experts predict that future pandemics are likely, if not inevitable.”
  • [They got their wish 6 years later, following the May 2009 definition change for what constitutes a pandemic, except there was pushback in Europe
• “The expectation of 50 years ago that humanity would soon wipe out infectious disease, has been replaced with the knowledge that we will probably never win the ‘arms race’ against ever-changing microbes and viruses” writes Jane Halton [1953 Salk polio vaccine was released], now in makes sense why she headed the organisation that would save the world with 100-day vaccines for Disease X!
  • Jane Halton became head of CEPI when it launched in 2017, in time for 2020 pandemic!

June 4, 2003 – TGA Laboratories (TGAL) are designated by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a WHO Collaborating Centre – ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE2

• WHO Collaborating Centre for Quality Assurance of Vaccines and other Biologicals and
• WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Quality Assurance
• WHO Vaccine Self Sufficiency Program in the Western Pacific Region – REF

2002

January 29, 2002 – TGA Media Release: TGA sweeps Internet for false claims – ARCHIVE

• Australian Internet Sweep Day, coordinated by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), is part of an international evaluation of web sites, aimed at protecting consumers and promoting fair trading in the global market. Linked through the International Marketing Service Network (IMSN) of of consumer protection authorities.

May 2002 – NCIRS: Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Australia 1999 to 2000 – PDF, SOURCE, CREDIT

2000

November 26-28, 2002 – WHO/IVR: Ethical considerations arising from vaccine trials conducted in paediatric populations with high disease burden in developing countries – PDF

• “Each year, millions of children in developing countries suffer from infectious diseases. Of these, more than 2.7 million children under five (WHO 2001 estimate) die from diseases that are potentially preventable by vaccines. In light of these unacceptable rates of morbidity and mortality, the development or improvement of vaccines to meet the needs of children in developing countries continues to be one of the highest priorities, with the attendant requirement for an increasing number of trials to evaluate new vaccines.”
  • [This is an important claim which is parroted by WHO yet supply without citation]
• A cautious approach is appropriate in the conduct of vaccine trials among children in any circumstances because of their particular vulnerability in view of their inability to give informed consent and their sometimes greater potential to adverse reaction to vaccines.”

July 14, 2000 – Australian Children’s Hospital at Westmead and Children’s Medical Research Institute joint initiative: Gene Therapy Research Unit – ARCHIVE, REF

1998

January 1998 – TGA commenced an orphan drug program – ARCHIVE, PDF

• The “program aimed at encouraging sponsors of prescription medicines for treatment of rare diseases to register and market these medicines in Australia. Because these medicines are for a very limited number of patients, they are less likely to be commercially attractive to sponsors than medicines with a larger market. If the sponsor can substantiate that a medicine meets orphan drug criteria, the TGA will waive the cost of evaluating the medicine.”
• [Think ivermectin for COVID-19!]

1997

1997 – National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) of Vaccine Preventable Diseases was established by the National Centre for Disease Control, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care as an initiative under the Seven Point Plan for the “Immunise Australia” program. – (lots of ref) ARCHIVE, Research – ARCHIVES, Vaccine trials – ARCHIVE

• NCIRS has provided editorial and scientific support for the production of the Australian Immunisation Handbook and provided support to the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI)
• NCIRS 2002 report: Vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage in Australia, 1999 to 2000 – PDF
• NCIRS 2001 edition: Immunisation – Myths & Realities. Responding to arguments against immunisation – a guide for providers (first pub. October 1994) – PDF
  • Look at charts on pg 10 & 11, and compare the dates on the Y-axis to comparable graphs found, and the Y-axis units – HERE, this is how they “debunk”.

February 1997 – Australian Government Immunise Australia Program: Population Health Division: The Seven Point Plan – ARCHIVE

• The Seven Point Plan was approved by Cabinet and launched by the Minister for Health and Family Services, the Hon Dr Michael Wooldridge, in February 1997
  • Initiatives (incentives) for Parents.
  • A bigger role for General Practitioners.
  • Monitoring & Evaluation of Immunisation Targets.
  • Immunisation Days.
  • Measles Eradication.
  • Education and Research.
  • School Entry Requirements

1995

October 1, 1995 – Therapeutic Goods Regulations – Definitions antiseptic, fungicide, viricide etc added – PDF, READ

1992

August 18, 1999 – Therapeutic Goods Administration Laboratories Branch – The TGA laboratories (TGL)were first occupied in the spring of 1992. – REF, ARCHIVE

• “TGAL is responsible for evaluating the chemistry, quality control and manufacturing data submitted by the manufacturer in support of: vaccines, cytokines, blood products, hormones and enzymes, other biological medicines, monoclonal antibodies”
• Laboratory Information Bulletin Vol. 6, no. 1 (September 1994) – ARCHIVE, SOURCE

1989

1989 – The Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 came into effect in 1991 giving the Commonwealth more clearly defined regulatory authority. – READ Followed by the Therapeutic Goods Regulations 1990 – READ

• The Therapeutics Goods Administration (TGA) was created as a Division of the (then) Department of Community Services and Health – history – READ
• The legislation was to streamline Commonwealth and State legislation and to allow the Government to charge fees to industry to meet the costs of therapeutic goods regulation – REF

1983

1983 – A New Pandemic emerges HIV/AIDS- Much of the world’s optimism about the state of health was shattered by a new, mysterious pandemic, HIV/AIDS. In Australia, the virus was first identified in a patient in Sydney in 1983 – REF

1981

1981 – WHO: World Health Day with the ‘Health for all by the year 2000‘ – REF

1966

1966 – Therapeutic Goods Act (1966) – READ, CREDIT

• Therapeutic Goods Regulations (1970) – READ
• This Act and Regulations held until the big overhaul happened in 1989.

1953

1953 – Therapeutics Substances Act (1953) passed – READ, CREDIT

• The regulations were not enacted until 1956 , after the polio vaccine Cutter incident debacle in the USA – READ

1937

1937 – The Federal Health Council (1925) is expanded to become the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) with State and Federal representatives, now to include members of the medical establishment – REF

1937 – The Commonwealth Government passed a Therapeutic Substances Act in 1937, giving the Minister for
Health power to control the importation and exportation of substances which were declared in the Gazette
to be therapeutic substances. – (more history) – REF

1936

1936 – Therapeutics Substances Act (1936) signed, followed then by 1937, neither Act were proclaimed because of WWII – TGA History – REF

1926

1926 – Australia hosted the first League of Nations’ international conference on health – REF

• The delegates discussed early warning systems for epidemics and quarantine issues, as well as various medical problems… then the Great Depression hit followed by World War II, after which the World Health Organisation is formed, under the umbrella of the United Nations

1925

1925 – Federal Health Council to promote Federal-State cooperation established following a Royal Commission Commonwealth health system – REF

1921

March 1921 – The Commonwealth Department of Health was established – ARCHIVE

• “The panicked response to the 1919 influenza pandemic was a catalyst for founding the Commonwealth Department of Health in March 1921 .
• Other factors included recommendations from the State Premiers, the British Medical Association of Australia (the forerunner of the Australian Medical Association) and a blunt appeal to the Prime Minister, Billy Hughes, by Dr Victor Heiser from the Rockefeller Foundation’s International Health Board. Heiser told Hughes that Australia would be considered backward until it acquired a national health department.
• Rockefeller Foundation provided the “Government the financial incentives of temporary expertise in industrial hygiene, public health engineering and administration, as well as training scholarships” – REF
• Billy Hughes would go on to become Minister for Health and Repatriation – REF

–

1919

1919 – “Spanish influenza” was brought to Australia by returning servicemen. “The epidemic killed 12,000 Australians. It caused widespread panic. Troops were quarantined before being reunited with their families. Public meeting places such as hotels and theatres were closed, and masks had to be worn on the streets. The authorities’
response to the crisis was chaotic, with police being stationed along State borders to try to prevent the disease from spreading. – REF, HISTORY

• The panicked response to the 1919 influenza pandemic was a catalyst for founding the Commonwealth Department of Health in March 1921 – REF

1919 – The first international flight to Australia by Ross and Keith Smith, pointed to the need for improved quarantine and health services – REF

1916

1916 – Australia work with the Rockefeller-funded International Health Board to extend its hookworm eradication campaign to Australia – REF

1916 – WWI prompted the establishment in 1916 of the government Commonwealth Serum Laboratories to provide a source of anti-toxins and other biological agents, should overseas, supplies become scarce… – REF

1909

1909 – The Federal Quarantine Service within the Department of Trade and Customs is established – REF

• Commonwealth quarantine officers became part of an informal network of health officials and doctors operating at all levels around the country. It’s members started the public health movement leading to the Department of Health
• In 1900, life expectancy for men was 52 and 55 for women – REF
• In 1984 the quarantine responsibilities of the Department of Health,which was once its very nucleus, were transferred to the Department of Primary Industry – REF

1901

January 1, 1901 – Birth of the Commonwealth of Australia – TIMELINE

The post TGA Regulation Timeline first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

I only recently learnt about Dr Archie (as I will refer to him) and want to capture his story on this page so his work will not be forgotten.

Dr Archie personally knew many of the intravenous Vitamin C (IVC) pioneers such as Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling, along Dr Fredrick Klenner and Dr Robert Cathcart. In a 2004 interview he stated that through his 5 day educational seminars to other physicians and professors that more than 1 in 10 Australian doctors had been trained in the use of high dose, IVC, but not all.

After years of working with Aborigines in remote Australia, Archie determined that the high death rate of babies and children stemmed from widespread subclinical scurvy coupled with endotoxins which resulted in every second child dying, especially after the medical profession’s vaccination teams swept through the districts. This finding prompted the writing of his first book, “Every Second Child” published in 1981.

Dr Archie was a medical doctor in Australia, whose heart lay heavy with the huge problems he saw in the Aboriginal community. His efforts to solve these problems both medically and politically earned him innumerable enemies both medically and politically and the resultant fallout plagued his career to the point where attorneys were heavily pressured never to defend him. To their credit, high positioned lawyers put their ethics above expediency, There was always someone willing to defend Dr Archie, despite the price they paid in their legal careers.

For the whole of his life, what he saw and the way in which he was obstructed, weighed heavily on him because he knew that the medical issues he was discussing would apply worldwide and not just in Australia. He grieved that the medical system refused to see that his core work was the answer to so many problems were seeing. This remains true today. It could be said by some who knew him closely, that it was this that broke his heart and killed him in the end.

Dr Suzanne Humphries

His work to this day is not recognised and is still shunned, but as many are waking up to why this is the case, it is important to bring this man’s work to light. Dr Archie stands as one of the early persecuted doctors who saved lives and relieved suffering.

Dr Archie passed away March 1, 2012 aged 84. God Bless you Archie.

Complied information about Dr Archie

• Whale.to – HERE
• List of publications – HERE
• Kythera family – HERE
• Endotoxin and disease – READ

Archie’s Books:

• Every Second Child (1981) – ARCHIVE

You can find more information about Vitamin C – HERE

Links in reverse chronological order

2021

May 7, 2021 – Crikey: Almost 50 years ago, an Australian doctor wrote a much-lauded book. Now it’s emerged as the anti-vaxxer bible – A book written by a prominent doctor in the Indigenous health space has become a core text for anti-vax activists. – READ [Archie is still with us]

• What would Archie say about this?! – WA Premier – WATCH
• Would he be heart broken with this? – WATCH

2019

Febraury 27, 2019 – Vaccines and Christianity: The Vaccine Genocide Chronicles: Part 1: the Australian Aborigines – w/ Quotes – READ

2012

March 23, 2012 – Neos Kosmos – A pioneering spirit – Neos Kosmos pays tribute to the life and work of Dr Archie Kalokerinos, medical pioneer of the 20th century – READ

March 17, 2012 – Sydney Morning Herald: Doctor prevented infant mortality – READ

• “Kalokerinos adopted a radical ”counter intuitive” therapy – boosting the immune system – and brought the infant mortality rate there down to zero. He embraced preventative medicine, particularly in the beneficial use of vitamin C.” [take whatever positive you can!]

March 13, 2012 – Greek Reporter: Greek-Australian of The Century Dr. Archie Kalokerinos Passes Away – on March 1, 2012 aged 84 – READ

March 1, 2012 -Kytheraismos: Archie Kalokerinos passed away peacefully on 1^st March 2012 in Sydney, at the age of 85. – READ, Obituaries – READ

2011

August 2011 – Life Sciences Seminars International | Presentation: Immunity, Infectious Disease and Vaccination with Prof. Raymond Obomsawin (@3:35 he mentions Archie’s Book) – WATCH

2010

~2010: Vaccine Developers, Heroes or Villains presented by Dr. Sherri Tenpenny – referent to Dr Archie – @49:31 WATCH

2009

2009 – Inducted into the Orthomolecular Medicine’s Hall of Fame – READ

2004

~September 2004 – Vaccination News: The Archie Tapes – Uncut and Uncensored (2004) – Archivides “Archie” Kalokerinos interview – Parts 1 to 11 – VIDEOS

• Sandy Gottstein and Archie agreed that it was important to preserve his words for posterity once he was no longer able to speak them. (I suggest you watch them in 1.25x or 1.5x speed)

• Part 1 – Moving to Collarenbri – WATCH, ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE
• Part 2 – His awakening to the potential of Vitamin C. From the highest infant mortality to zero – WATCH, ARCHIVE
• Part 3 – Shaken Baby Syndrome and SIDS – WATCH, ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE, Shaken Baby Syndrome –EXCERPT, vaccinating while children sick can be fatal – EXCERPT
• Part 4 – Opal mining – WATCH, ARCHIVE
• Part 5 – Linus Pauling – WATCH, ARCHIVE, ARCHIVE
• Part 6 – Infantile scurvy, endotoxins and SIDS- WATCH, ARCHIVE
• Part 7 – Vitamin C is unique, it is simple like water and thus takes part in a huge number of reactions. It needs to be use by injection into the vein for optimal results. Working with Professor Fred Hollows – WATCH, ARCHIVE
• Part 8 – Aboriginals don’t have the immune response as does white man. Nutrient deficiency including Zinc – WATCH, ARCHIVE
• Part 9 – The stomach and endotoxins – Alan Yurko, Govt forced to investigate nutritional deficiency among Aboriginals thanks to public pressure. – WATCH, EXCERPT, ARCHIVE,
  • They manipulated the data gathering in Alice Springs – EXCERPT Preventing heart transplants, reason for liver failure
  • Adverse side effects for vitamin C is wrong – how the fraud happened – EXCERPT
  • I have given 240g Sodium Ascorbate intravenously for weeks on end, blood tests come back perfectly normal – EXCERPT
  • The public’s response to Archie’s work and the persecution he endured from authorities, media and peers – EXCERPT
• Part 10 – Vitamin C safety, Meeting Dr Klenner, Moral obligation to share this information – WATCH, no ARCHIVE,
  • No more baby deaths – EXCERPT
  • Too many doctors have not real compassion! – EXCERPT
  • We have trained more than 1 in 10 Australian doctor’s in the use of Vitamin C – EXCERPT
  • There’s a lot of doctors with major health problems – EXCERPT
  • Dr Archie’s awakening to the connection between vaccination and death – EXCERPT
  • Archie’s prediction about the 1976 swine flu vaccinations – EXCERPT

I think the whole vaccine business needs to be intensely revised

Dr Archie, 2004

• Part 11 – Swine flu, Books, Robert Cathcart, “Rebound scurvy”, Aboriginal deaths in custody WATCH, ARCHIVE
  • Infant mortality records likely destroyed so don’t have hard data – EXCERPT

August 31, 2004 – An Interview with Archie Kalokerinos, MD: – Post Scripts on the Alan Yurko Evidence “Shaken Baby” Hearing – READ, Account of the Hearing – READ,

• Yurko’s babies organs were donated but no info would be shared with regards to whether the recipient of the liver had survived – a liver that was likely toxic with endotoxin – WATCH
• Shaken Baby Syndrome can be explained by endotoxins and scurvy (vit c deficiency) – EXCERPT, EXCERPT2

2002

2002 – “In 2002 he retired from full-time medical practice and moved to Cooranbong, on the NSW central coast. Holding several medical fellowships, including Fellowship of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, he completed locums, pursued private research…” – REF

2000

2000 – Book: Medical Pioneer of the 20th Century – by Archie Kalokerinos an autobiography – READ

• “Like all of us, Archie can become outraged at injustice and he becomes especially angry when young infants may be dying because of ignorance and/or bureaucratic blindness by some areas of the medical establishment. Not only did Archie perceive poor health and injustice in the Aboriginal community, he vigorously pursued the truth behind its causes.” – Forward by Dr. Ian Dettman

1995

1995 – Archie Kalokerinos talks about [contents of his book] ‘Every Second Child‘ in New Zealand (slides of Aboriginal children and newspaper clippings) – WATCH, ARCHIVE

• Mass vaccination campaigns were thrust upon Australian Aboriginal populations in the name of “health”. Vaccines were given to children while they were in a state of sickness such as malnourishment, nutrient deficient, immune compromised in some manner and the result was too often death.
• Children “miraculously” responded to vitamin C injections and survived.

June 1995 – Dr Kris Gaublomme MD, Belgium, editor of the International Vaccination Newsletter, interviews Australian Dr A Kalokerinos MD, Australia; the interview was first published in the IVN in June 1995. – READ

• “You cannot immunise sick children, malnourished children, and expect to get away with it. You’ll kill far more children than would have died from the natural infection. There are other ways to deal with things like measles. If they gave them intramuscular or perhaps intravenous injections of vitamin C and a bit of other nutritional support then you can virtually forget about nine tenths of your problems.”
• “I would not say all of them because a lot of these kids are so sick and so malnourished, I mean, they are like vegetables and nothing is going to save them, let us face up to it. But the ordinary child who gets measles, even the child with a moderate degree of malnutrition and so forth, if you give intravenous vitamin C supplementary to other forms of treatment, the response very often, not always, is absolutely dramatic if you get them early enough. You must get them early.”
• “My final conclusion after forty years or more in this business is that the unofficial policy of the World Health Organisation and the unofficial policy of ‘Save the Children Fund’ and almost all those organisations is one of murder and genocide.” [population control!]

1993

1993 – Book: Vitamin C: nature’s miraculous healing missile by Glen Dettman, Archie Kalokerinos and Ian Dettman – READ, Forward by Linus Pauling – READ

1987

August 10, 1987 – Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody – READ

• Archie stated that he attempted to give testimonial evidence to this commission but was restricted in what he could say and his testimony was suppressed – EXCERPT

1981

1918 – Book: Every Second Child by Archie Kalokerions – ARCHIVE

• Every Second Child was doomed to early death…unless one dedicated doctor could open his collagues’ eyes and minds. Foward by Linus Pauling, Into by Irwin Stone. – 10,000 infants die every year …needlessly from crib death, why?

1979

1979 – BOOK – The Dangers of Immunization by The Humanitarian Society w/ forward by Archie Kolokerinos and Glen Dettman – READ

February 1979 – The Montreal Gazette: Baby Death Stun Naples, Italy – Parents helpless as ‘dark disease’ claims 60th victim – babies slowly die from a disease no one knows how to cure – READ, READ, Interview with Archie –CREDIT

• Archie went to Italy to help as “this was just the sort of trouble [he] saw amongst Aborigines”
• “So, to make a a long story short I went over with a “60 minute” television team, and we found that two thirds of the infants and children had upper respiratory tract infections, but one third of them had just been recently vaccinated with triple antigen including whooping cough vaccine [DTP?]. So my advice to the Italian doctors was to give the children vitamin C intravenously and to stop using the whooping cough vaccine. It was a peculiar situation because they would never admit as to whether or not they had given them the vitamin C. But I do know that they stopped using the whooping cough vaccine, because parents that I spoke to from Italy over the next four, five or even ten years told me that they could not obtain triple antigen for their children. They could only get the diphtheria and tetanus portion of the vaccine. This terrible, strange disorder has never recurred since, so there was a connection.” – REF

1978

1978 – Australia’s “This is Your Life” Season 4, Episode 23: Dr Archie Kalokerinos – WATCH, SEASONS

• In 1978, he was the subject of This is your life and was presented with The Australian Medal of Merit for Outstanding Scientific Research. – REF
• Archie recounts the experience and how Australian Medical Association tried to stop it from airing – EXCERPT

1977

December 17, 1977 – “Dr Archie married Catherine Hunter, at St Lukes Church, Mosman. In a brief autobiography he wrote of her: “There is one non-Greek who I need to thank. It is my English wife, Catherine. She tolerated a great deal when I became obsessed with what I was doing. In the end, there is nothing like teamwork”. Archie was the beloved husband of Catherine and adored father of Ann, Helen and Peter, and grandson Oscar.” – REF

1976

1976 – Dr A Kalokerinos MD talks about the 1976 Swine Flu Vaccine Disaster – WATCH

1975

1975 – In 1975, film director Phillip Noyce produced a documentary on him and Aboriginal healthcare entitled, God Only knows Why, But it Works. – REF, READ

1970

1967 – 1977 – WHO pushes smallpox eradication effort – READ, Targeting West Africa – READ, READ. Mass vaccination campaign for the children of Africa against measles and the entire black population against smallpox – REF

• [Archie] “knew that they would not use clean needles. I went to the BBC in London and tried to get on a programme with my views but of course they would not do it. And what I forecast happened. They did use dirty needles, they spread viral infections from one person to another and they continued to spread these viral infections in the vaccination needles for years. And of course that is how AIDS spread so rapidly in Africa.” …AIDS was carried by dirty needles” a non-disposable needle- REF
• “I wrote a letter to several sources after reading that article and I said it was murder and genocide. And it is, but no one would print it. Now this is the worst state of affairs in this vaccine business today [1995], where in Africa they are still using non-disposable needles for the vaccines.” states Dr Archie
• “The 1970s – The first AIDS epidemic” (as they want you to believe) – READ

1957

1957 – Returned to Australia from England and moved to Collarenebri in Northern New South Wales as the only doctor in town. – (2004 interview) – WATCH

• He was warned by a family acquaintance that “he’d lose a lot of babies there”, this was a town and surrounding area of around 1500 people. Statistically it was one of the highest infant mortality areas in the world. – In time, Archie reduced that to zero, and the authorities didn’t want to know.

Before white man came our children never got sick and never died

An Aboriginal woman told Archie

The post Dr Archie Kalokerinos first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

The public assume that doctors are well educated in the history and development of vaccines. The doctors assume the regulators have done their job to assure that the products are truly safe, they assume the system in place is there to protect the consumer from Big Pharma. Doctors’ believe what they were taught at university, they don’t have time to research for themselves…until something triggers them to do so! Pandemic 2020 has brought to the surface the little-known truths about the vaccine industry – not just for the public but for an ever increasing number of medical professionals. Unfortunately some of those awakenings have come after they have been vaccine injured.

The rushed introduction of the new genetic COVID-19 vaccines is causing an increasing pool of doctors, nurses and medical scientists to begin questioning all vaccines, and their research is turning them into vaccine risk aware advocates.

This page will capture the “awakening” testimonials, comments or stories from doctors, healthcare professionals and scientists as they come to realise the system they trusted has failed to inform them completely – and that vaccine products are not what they are believed to be, nor have they achieved the disease eradication they’ve been sold as achieving. In fact, the increasing incidence of chronic illnesses in children tracks closely with the increase in the number of products on the vaccine schedule.

• Aussie17 is also capturing “U-Turners” – HERE

You’ll find stories form health care workers and other professionals who’ve awakened to the bigger picture of Big Pharma jabs.

Links in reverse chronological order

Links are continuously being added

2025

April 2, 2025 – Tucker Carlson: Dr. Mary Talley Bowden: How Vaccines Got Politicized and the Medical Industry Lost All Credibility – WATCH

• Has what you’ve seen over the past 5 years changed your view of other vaccine courses? Tucker asks – EXCERPT

What I’ve realised is I made a lot of assumptions about vaccines…[during training] it was just accepted fact they [vaccines] were safe and effective. And COVID made me realise…hang on how have they been tested, and they have not been tested like other products on the market. So they don’t have placebo controlled trials. [any of them Tucker asks]. NO.

So now I have questions about all of them [all vaccines].

Dr Talley Bowden

February 15, 2025 – Doc Malik Honest Health Podcast #300 – Angus Dalgleish – IMPORTANT -mRNA “vaccines” and Public Health Lies – WATCH

• As a vaccine scientist, how do you now feel about vaccines? …”I have now uncovered, that a lot of scientific evidence I held as true, is false” – EXCERPT

2024

August 20, 2024 – Shannon Joy Show: Dr William Makis – WATCH, EXCERPT, more Dr Makis – HERE

“Stop taking the injections. No mRNA vaccines, no Covid vaccines and no flu vaccines. Childhood vaccines you should probably avoid altogether.”

Dr William Makis

August 17, 2024 – The Delingpod: A James Delingpole Podcast LIVE w/ Dr Mike Yeadon – WATCH, FULL

I don’t [now] believe [in vaccines]…I was programmed like we all are. I had nothing to do with vaccines professionally, new nothing about them. Interestingly the vaccine research and development work, as far as I can tell in pharma, is always on a different site from the so-called small-molecule work…otherwise I would be bumping into them in the coffee queue…I would have worked it out. Because it was in a place hundreds or thousands of miles away, and I have no reason to be involved professionally, I just rolled up and got my jabs, had my children injected (Mike then cringed)”

…There is only one category of products from the bio-pharmacutical industry that you cannot question or challenge – it’s vaccines…and so this is one of the many pennies that dropped for me over the last couple of years.

Dr Mike Yeadon

June 19, 2024 – Nick Hudson PANDA: “… if I could roll the clock back, I would not expose them [my children] to a single dose of any [vaccine]” – TWEET

June 18, 2024 – Maryanne Demasi: Florida Surgeon General: measles outbreaks, COVID-19 vaccines & public health – Dr Joseph Ladapo – READ

“I, myself, have learned so much about some of the clinical trials that were used to approve other vaccines. Ever since seeing how corrupt the scientific approach to the safety and efficacy of mRNA covid-19 vaccines has been, more people are looking at other vaccines now.

And it’s really appropriate to do that because vaccines do not have the same type of critical scrutiny as other medications. Just for example, one of the things that has come out during the pandemic is the work by Dr Christine Stabell Benn. It’s very clear that some vaccines can be very effective against the condition that they’re targeted against, but have other effects on people’s health outside of the condition.

Dr Joseph Ladapo, Florida Surgeon General

May 9, 2024 – DarkHorse Podcast: The Secret History of Vaccines in 4 Minutes + The Untold Story of Polio – Forrest Maready wake up to vaccines – EXCERPT

I am at the point where, I am so opposed to vaccination, if I had the power I would ban all of them…I think the damage is so severe that one day they will be completely banned…

Forrest Maready

May 3, 2024 – FLCCC and Jenna McCarthy: COVID Made Me a Full-on Anti-Vaxxer (Jenna’s not a doctor, but co-wrote The War on Ivermectin with Dr Kory, it’s her story) – READ

April 18, 2024 – Mary Tally Bowden on X: “I will never get another vaccine again” – TWEET

2023

December 12, 2023 – CHD Bus Stories: A Bold Nurse Practitioner – WATCH

• Ever wonder what nurses are taught about vaccines in medical school? Joanne Mendez is a nurse practitioner who has some shocking realities to uncover about the healthcare profession as a practice and field of study

November 21, 2023 – Dr David Cartland via X: “…doctors and nurses that have had a change of heart and regret taking and giving the gene !” TWEET …but

• “Their main reason for not speaking out and joining those brave enough to have risked their careers to raise safety concerns is in fact the genuine FEAR of the emotional trauma/torture and repercussion’s of what their regulator GMC and NHS England would do to them in response.”

November 20, 2023 – Aussie 17via Twitter: Austrian Doctor Cornelia Tschanett’s U-Turn on the vaccinations (Austrian with subtitles) – WATCH & READ from Austrain UN-VISIBLE The film – WATCH,

• Vigilant News: Pro-Vaccine Doctor Comes to a Chilling Realization, Says “I Can’t Continue to Vaccinate Here” – Dr. Cornelia Tschanet – translated from to “INVISIBLE: The Film Part 1″ – READ

November 15, 2023 – CHD Vax Bus Testimony: Dr. Dan McDyer (OB/GYN) and his son, Andrew… a conversation on vaccine mandates, childhood immunizations, preventative medicine, disease epidemiology and COVID treatment – WATCH,

• Dr McDyer is regretful of getting his son vaccinated with what he knows now. I stopped administering HPV Gardisil vaccine in his practice 5-6 years ago as the vaccine is not preventing the strains it is meant to – lack of efficacy.

I do not recommend vaccines at all any longer…there’s never been a safety study performed on any vaccine in human history…

Dr. Dan McDyer

October 31, 2023 – Doc Malik: Sucharit Bhakdi A Microbiologist Talks To Me About The Covid Plandemic – WATCH

I’m reading books now that I should have read decades ago…this fraud…especially surrounding vaccination was there from the very beginning…

Dr Bhakdi

“Everything in vaccination history has been a scam, and they’ve always gotten away with it…”

Dr Bhakdi

October 13, 2023 – Doc Malik a conversation with Jessica Rose – WATCH, MORE

• [I was a] “frigin’ pin cushion” before, but now there has been a “cross over event”

I now won’t get an injection of an exogenous substance ever again, because of what I’ve learned…a lot of really smart people who do a lot of reading, who keep up with the literature, are saying that exact same thing

Dr Jessica Rose

October 8, 2023 – Doc Malik Podcast: Dr Jayne Donegan Talks About Her Career And Why She Is Delighted To Be Rid Of The GMC – WATCH

September 16, 2023 – Doc Malik Podcast: Brian Hooker On His Book Vax-Unvax: Let the Science Speak – WATCH

• Dr Hooker was pro-vax until his son became injured, though that connection was not made immediately.

August 20, 2023 – Dr Tess Lawrie Substack: Dr Andrew Wakefield was right all along – His research on vaccine harms was “just the beginning”. Was an “ethically challenged man” recruited to keep him quiet? – READ

• “What Covid has demonstrated is that the pharmaceutical industry is amoral and corrupt, thriving on our disease and not our good health. It will lie and cheat to make billions at our expense and make us sick to ensure lifelong dependency on its chemicals if it can….On the ‘anti-vax’ issue, I too have recently been labelled ‘anti-vax’ by the corporate media, but a more appropriate term is health revolutionary.”

July 23, 2023 – Doc Malik Podcast: Andrew Wakefield The Original “Anti-vaxxer Quack” Or An Ethical Doctor Way Ahead Of His Time? – WATCH

June 25, 2023 – Eugenie Kruger Homeopathy | Ep 204: Unveiling Homeopathy, Medical Concerns, and Vaccination – with Richard Moskowitz MD- LISTEN [an interesting journey from allopath to homeopath]

• He didn’t like the idea of vaccination from the beginning of his MD training. He took time to learn things they don’t teach in medical school about vaccines. – EXCERPT
• The diseases that we vaccinate against are acute diseases where there is a “tremendous out pouring of the whole immune system” in order to expel the invader from the body, and in doing so it’s “encrypted into the memory of the immune competent cells”
• Where as “vaccination is a chronic phenomenon” its designed to prevent something that may possibly happen years into the future – “and that bothered me” stated Dr Moskowitz. His experience with children showed him he was correct – EXCERPT
• He recognised patterns of symptoms following vaccination, specific vs non-specific responses – EXCERPT

May 15, 2023 – Doc Malik Honest Health Podcast: Dr Ahmad Malic, Orthopedic surgeon – His podcast journey begins – WATCH

• Much of what Doc Malik has learnt to become healthy he DIDN’T learn in medical school, and he’s still learning what it means to be healthy. The same is true for vaccines which through out his podcasts he reveals his awakening.

2022

December 25, 2022 – Dr Pierre Kory – Twitter – THREAD, GETTR

“…Covid led me to research vaccine science. This effort transformed my perception of vaccines & revealed decades of corruption in the medical sciences and the vaccination industry….

If I had young children today, not one would get even a single childhood vaccine. Thank you Twitter for allowing me to publicly state my data-driven & highly researched interpretation of vaccine (non) science.”

Dr Kory – THREAD

November 21, 2022 – World Council for Health | General Assembly Meet #66: Dr Mike Yeadon: Why the Depopulation Agenda is Real and What We Can Do About It – WATCH, FULL,

Refuse genetic vaccines. …When I was in industry I was pro-vaccine, I would say now I abstain at best, and I’m ashamed that I was pro-vaccine because I didn’t do my homework….I never looked at the data, I never thought hard about it, I just accepted what I had been taught at school and in university. And once you start looking it’s extraordinarily questionable what’s gone on for decades…

Dr Mike Yeadon

October 18, 2022 – Freeman Report: Freeman interviews Dr Aseem Malhotra for the second time – WATCH

“What’s happened with the COVID-19 vaccine is not an anomaly. If you trace things back, this is almost predictable, because of this increasing unchecked power…[this] will almost certainly go down as the greatest miscarriage of medical science, attack on democracy, damage to population health and erosion in…trust in medicine, that we will witness in our lifetime…”

Dr Malhotra – EXCERPT

• Dr Malhotra was pro-all vaccines before (November 26, 2020) – TWEET

July 26, 2022 – CHD: ‘Tea Time’ Episode 44: Stopping the Shots for Children With Paediatrician Rosamund Jones – WATCH

• UK Pediatrician Who Spent Whole Career Giving Childhood Vaccines Questions Approval Process – pediatrician Dr Ros Jones – EXCERPT

February 9, 2022 – Tucker Carlson Today: Interview with Dr Robert Malone – his journey of “awakening” – WATCH, BACKUP

I think there’s a good chance as a vaccinologist, I’m embarrassed now to learn what the actual data are about the efficacy of vaccines and what has really caused the decline in infectious disease in children. The data are quite clear. That decline basically parallels the improvement in sanitation prior to the implementation of the vaccines for all most all of these paediatric disease.

Dr Robert Malone

2021

September 16, 2021 – The Highwire Episode 233: THE VAERS SCANDAL – Deborah Conrad a physician’s assistant: VAERS whistleblower – WATCH

• Deborah wasn’t aware of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) prior to 2021, she didn’t know of the health providers responsibility to report adverse events – she said few people knew about VAERS [@15:50] – EXCERPT & EXCERPT

• Up until 2021 Deborah never questioned vaccines – – EXCERPT

April 29, 2021 – The Highwire Ep 213: “THEY DON’T WANT TO SEE PEOPLE LIKE US” – 3 healthcare workers (Shawn, Angelea and Kristy) who have been disabled by with the same catastrophic symptoms following their COVID-19 vaccine shots – WATCH, BACKUP, FULL

• These medical professionals were all pro-vaccine, and they were never informed that the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) even existed!

2019

September 16, 2019 – V is for… Canberra Rally – Dr Kevin Coleman speech – WATCH, 2017: No Jab, No Say? – WATCH

• Featured, with many others, in Silenced, Censored & Ridiculed -The Medias Lies (2020 documentary) – WATCH

2017

2017 – Australian Vaccination-Risks Network (AVN): VACCINES ARE UNAVOIDABLY UNSAFE – by Dr John Piesse – (article submitted to the Melbourne Age) – READ

• “Melbourne GP, Dr John Piesse, is facing prosecution and deregistration for the ‘crime’ of supporting parental vaccination choice and writing medical exemption forms for families whose children are at risk of serious reactions or death from vaccines.“
• “I have been encountering cases of vaccine injury for over 40 years. In June it was a happy, healthy nearly 5-year-old whose parents were required to put her on a catch-up schedule, in order to get her into kindergarten. She won’t be going to kinder. She’s in a wheel-chair, brain-damaged. Her life ruined. Then came a friend’s father who died after a flu vaccine, and last week a 4 year old boy, made autistic by a catch-up schedule”

2011

August 2011 – Life Sciences Seminars International | Presentation: Immunity, Infectious Disease and Vaccination with Prof. Raymond Obomsawin Before his mysterious death Dec 28, 2021 – WATCH

• He, along with his wife, decided not to vaccinate any of their 3 children with any vaccine. Natural (Nature) Immunity is the only true immunity
• He was Former National Health Director for the Assembly of First Nations Canada – WEB
• A few presentation documents Raymond released just days before his mysterious and untimely death – HERE

Doctors who Awakened before the Pandemic

Dr Sherri Tenpenny – She once put jabs in arm just like “handing out candy” – PAGE

Dr Suzanne Humphries – As a Nephrologist she observed recurring patients who experienced kidney failure following their flu jabs, this started her on a quest to find answers – PAGE

• Dr Humphries decided to investigate the claim that smallpox was eradicated because of vaccines.
• She admits that in medical school she barely got half a day’s education on vaccines.

Dr Paul Thomas – paediatrician – PAGE

Dr Archie Kalokerinos – Australian Rural Doctor – PAGE

• Dr Archie’s awakening to the connection between vaccination and death in children – EXCERPT

1914

1913 – Dr. E. M. Ripley, Unionville, Connecticut – via Vaccination a Curse and a Menace to Personal Liberty – Roman Bystrianyk – CREDIT, Book first published 1900 – ARCHIVE

“It is a sorry charge to make against a learned profession to say that the cause of vaccination is backed by ignorance, but so it is. I know whereof I affirm, for I, too, must plead guilty to the charge. I vaccinated for five years, ignorantly supposing that it was a preventive of small-pox. I took for granted what my medical teachers had affirmed.

I came near being a murderer, and in my own family, too. For weeks my child, vaccinated by my own hand with pure vaccine lymph, and from the calf, too, was tended upon a pillow by his faithful mother; and when not in a stupor he suffered as only the damned can suffer.

After a time the crisis passed and he came back to life; and I then and there took a solemn oath never, so long as God would let me live, would I poison another human being with vaccine virus, and I have kept my vow. From that time on I studied the subject, as I should have done before, and as all doctors should before commencing medical practice, and I was appalled to find how fearfully I had been deluded.”

Dr. E. M. Ripley, Unionville, Connecticut ~1913,

The post Doctors Awaken to “Vaccines”! first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

Fast forward to today, Dr Hooker is now the Chief Scientific Officer at Children’s Health Defence and in August 2023 released the book, with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., called Vax-Unvax, Let the Science Speak, which presents the studies from the published science that collectively supports the narrative that vaccines are exceedingly more harmful that what the public is gas-light into believing.

This page captures just a few of Dr Hooker’s interviews and talks. You can find more at CHD.tv where he has a regular program called Doctors & Scientists.

Links in reverse chronological order

2024

February 26, 2024 – Bannon War Room: Episode 3420: Covid 19 Senate Hearing: Speaking The Truth – WATCH, Senator Johnson’s Hearing – HERE

• Dr. Brian Hooker: “The CDC Will Not Look At Vaccinated Versus Unvaccinated Children” – EXCERPT

2023

October 3, 2023 – Mel K Show: Brian Hooker, Ph.D. | Genetically Modified What? The War Against Nature – WATCH

September 16, 2023 – Doc Malik: Brian Hooker On His Book Vax-Unvax: Let the Science Speak – WATCH

September 12, 2023 – Ask Dr. Drew : CDC Is Concealing Vital Vaccine Safety Info, Says Brian Hooker w/ Dr. Kelly Victory – WATCH

September 8, 2023 – The Highwire Ep 336: NEW BOOK TACKLES VAX VS UNVAX – WATCH, FULL

September 4, 2023 – Mel K Show: Brian Hooker, Ph.D. | Vax-Unvax: Let the Science Speak – A Deeper Dive – WATCH

Auguast 7, 2023 – CHD | The Defender : ‘Vax-Unvax: Let the Science Speak’ — Why RFK Jr. and I Wrote This Book – Brian Hooker – READ

May 22, 2023 – Forum Conversation: Dr. Brian Hooker – On Environmental Toxins, Causes of Autism And The Need For Vaccine Safety Studies – TRANSCRIPT

2022

December 1, 2022 – CHD | Doctors and Scientists: Hepatitis B vaccines: Know The Facts w/ Dr Nancy Tarlow – WATCH

September 15, 2022 – Vaccine Safety Awareness Marathon 2022 – Part 21: Brian Hooker, Ph.D – WATCH

September 2022 – Second Annual Vaccine Safety Awareness Marathon – 2021 – Part 19 – Brian Hooker – WATCH

April 22, 2022 – CHD TV | Doctors & Scientists: Breaking Down ‘Nightmare’ COVID Vaccines With Andrew Wakefield – WATCH

April 10, 2022 – ‘Defeat The Mandates’ Rally – WATCH

2021

December 11, 2021 – COVID Revealed Documentary – Webathon: Dr. Gentempo, Dr. Biran Hooker, Dr. David Martin, Dr. James Lyons-Weiler –WATCH

December 6, 2021 – COVID Revealed – Episode 7: Dr. Peter McCullough, Dr. Brian Hooker, Dr. Joe Mercola – WATCH

December 5, 2021 – COVID Revealed – Episode 6: Dr. Brian Hooker, Del Bigtree, Dr. Paul Elias Alexander – WATCH

December 3, 2021 – CHD TV | Doctors & Scientists: Media Manipulation + Distorted Science With Pierre Kory, M.D., MPA – WATCH

August 3, 2021 – CHD | The Defender: Scientist: ‘What We’re Seeing Is Virus Evolution 101’ — Delta Variant More Transmissible, Not More Deadly – READ

• “As COVID — especially the Delta variant — surges among the fully vaccinated, Brian Hooker, Ph.D., said the more the variant devi
• “A breakthrough case refers to a person who is diagnosed with COVID after being fully vaccinated. A person is considered fully vaccinated 14 days after receiving the second dose of either the Pfizer or Moderna COVID vaccine, or two weeks after receiving the single-dose Johnson & Johnson (J&J) vaccine.”ates from the original sequence used for the vaccine, the less effective the vaccine will be on that variant.”

2020

June 11, 2020 – The Highwire Ep 167: UNDERCOVER NURSE EXPOSES COVID CATASTROPHE – FULL, featuring Brian Hooker vaxxed vs unvaxxed study (@~1:38:30)

May 27, 2020 – SAGE Journals: Analysis of health outcomes in vaccinated and unvaccinated children: Developmental delays, asthma, ear infections and gastrointestinal disorders – Brian S Hooker & Neil Z Miller – READ

2019

October 3, 2019 – The Highwire Ep 131: TRUTH WARS – BBC’s Flimsy Vaccine Debate (@28:45 Brian Hooker) – WATCH, Discussion regarding BBC Vaccine Wars – TIMELINE

• Dr William Thompson (CDC) was irate that he was being recorded by Dr Brian Hooker – which as legal as he travelled over the border into Oregon at the time.

2018

December 7, 2018 – Autism Investigated by Jake Crosby: Paul Offit Behind Agreement Giving Vaccine Maker Impunity to Poison – MMR Vaccine – READ (link within to Hooker – also curious info re MMR

• Paul Offit belongs to the Wistar Institute, which owns the rubella component of GlaxoSmithKline’s MMR vaccine

July 12, 2018 – The Highwire Ep 67: WARNING: BLUE PILL JUNKIES SHOULD AVOID THIS SHOW – Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Dr. Brian Hooker, JB Handley & Mark Blaxill close the curtains on vaccine mythology – WATCH

2018: Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons Volume 23 Number 4 – Reanalysis of CDC Data on Autism Incidence and Time of First MMR Vaccination by Hooker – READ, PDF, SOURCE

2017

April 21, 2017 – Dr Brownstein’s Holistic Medicine: Genocide Against Our Children Continues: Media Says Nothing, CDC Lies, Part II – ARCHIVE

• More and more children continue to get the MMR vaccine even though a 2004 CDC MMR study was falsified to hide the fact that the MMR vaccine was found to significantly increase the risk of autism in boys who received it. – Recap on Dr Brian Hooker’s story

2016

May 19, 2016 – Healthy Alternatives to Vaccinations Podcast w. Dr Nancy Tarlow: Episode 48 | Dr. Brian Hooker – VaxXed: From Cover-up to Catastrophe – ARCHIVE

2016 – Dr Brian Hooker featured in the documentary by Andrew Wakefield and Del Bigtree: VAXXED: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe – WATCH, The Highwire release – WATCH

2015

October 19, 2015 – Medical Rewind with Dr Rashid Buttar & Robert Scott-Bell: Special Guest Dr. Brian S. Hooker, CDC whistleblower case,MMR vaccine and Autism Spectrum Disorder – LISTEN, ARCHIVE

• They “discuss the updates and developments in the CDC whistleblower case, regarding Dr. Thompson, a former head scientist at the CDC who admitted that not only did the government find that there was a link between the MMR vaccine and Autism Spectrum Disorder, but they actively worked to destroy the evidence and cover the information up from the public! Last update we had, was Florida Senator Posey successfully reading Dr. William Thompson’s testimony onto the senate record, but other than that it has been crickets!”

2014

August 27, 2014 – Morgan Verkamp LLC [Whistleblower Law firm] Press Release: “Statement of William W. Thompson PhD Regarding the 2004 Article examining the possibility of a relationship between MMR vaccine and Autism” from his WHISTLEBLOWER attorney – ARCHIVE, source The Highwire Ep 131 CREDIT @26:16 – WATCH, Science Blog hit piece “bad day for antivaccinationists…”- READ

August 27, 2014 – Translational Neurodegeneration Journal: Measles-mumps-rubella vaccination timing and autism among young African American boys: a reanalysis of CDC data by Brian Hooker – READ

• The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the age at which children got their first Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine on autism incidence. This is a reanalysis of the data set, obtained from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC), used for the Destefano et al. 2004 publication on the timing of the first MMR vaccine and autism diagnoses.”
• February 2004 – Pediatrics: Age at first measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in children with autism and school-matched control subjects: a population-based study in metropolitan atlanta – Frank DeStefano, William W Thompson, Colleen Boyle (CDC) et al – READ [The study which the movie VAXXED is based]

2012

December 24, 2012 – Bolen Report: SafeMinds Steals The Show, Literally…Opinion by Jake Crosby – READ, ARCHIVE

• Testimony Dr Brian Hooker prepared for the hearing but he was unable to give – Draft testimony for Autism Hearing – November 28, 2012 – PDF, ARCHIVE

• “One organization and certain members in particular have, through deceptive tactics, systematically prevented Dr. Brian Hooker, a Ph.D. scientist and biochemical engineer who’s made 100 FOIA requests, from giving strong evidence to Congress of the ethylmercury-based vaccine preservative thimerosal’s role in causing autism, and the government’s role in trying to cover it up. The group’s actions effectively caused the congressional hearings – originally agreed by Congressional Committee Chair Darrell Issa to be specifically about autism causation and the vaccine program – to devolve into the “federal response” – paving the way for epidemic denialist groups to be invited and give testimony.”
• “Dr. Hooker’s testimony was replaced with a speech by Mr Blaxill that invoked the “environmental” causes of autism…”
• November 29, 2012 – “1 in 88 Children:  A Look into the Federal Response to the Rising Rates of Autism” – ARCHIVE, speakers incl Coleen Boyle, Ph.D, Mr. Mark Blaxill etc – WATCH

December 6, 2021 – Age of Autism: Brian Hooker’s Testimony From Congressional Autism Hearing – READ

2004

February 2004 – Pediatrics: Age at first measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in children with autism and school-matched control subjects: a population-based study in metropolitan atlanta – Frank DeStefano, William W Thompson, Colleen Boyle (CDC) et al – READ [The study which the movie VAXXED is based] See Aug 2014

The post Dr Brian Hooker first appeared on Totality of Evidence.

Depending on what publication you read, this global death toll estimate ranges from 17 million up to as high as 100 million or from 0.94% to 5.55% mortality respectively!

The US CDC say there is no universal consensus regarding where the virus originated, though it spread worldwide and was “first identified” in the United States in military personnel in spring (March-May) of 1918, the peak of deaths hit in September 1918, and subside in early 1919, officially spanning for a period of 10 months.

One hundered years on, at the October 2019 Event 201 coronavirus pandemic simulation they predicted, in their scenario, 65 million deaths would occur world wide in today’s population, without a vaccine, a figure curiously close to the “1918” number! But based on 2019 global population of approximately 7.8 billion, the 1918 pandemic would have had a higher death toll percentage (just an observation). As it turned out the “surprise outbreak” predicted for 2020 amounted to 6.89 million deaths that were attributed to “COVID-19” (as documented on their death certificates). Bute were all these deaths from a virus or simply yearly deaths that were labelled COVID-19 because of a positive PCR test?

Why was the 1918 pandemic so fatal?

In an Infectious Disease paper there is the statement: “By the early 1990s, 75 years of research had failed to answer a most basic question about the 1918 pandemic: why was it so fatal? No virus from 1918 had been isolated, but all of its apparent descendants caused substantially milder human disease.”

• So why WAS the 1918 death toll so high?
• Was deaths caused by “influenza”, or just attributed to “influenza”. Knowing viruses were not known a the time, and nothing has been isolated since. (Emphasis on “isolated”!)
• Why were all “apparent descendants”, of this influenza virus, milder in comparison?
• Is there another explanation for the relatively high death toll?

So I’m curious, was it actually a novel influenza virus that caused so many deaths, or was there a perfect storm of events and interventions, that cascaded into so much tragic loss, and could deaths have been prevented? These are questions that I have, knowing the COVID-19 pandemic is not what we are officially told, as I have documented on this website? This is what I set out to explore and find out for myself. I knew very little about the 100 years-ago pandemic before starting this page, except the narrative repeated over and over by the media and in “scientific” publications.

This page will document the research data points as I uncover them. Much is from archived documents found online. Let’s see where it leads! I will also be writing about what I find on my substack, you can track this Hidden Knowledge HERE

The United States

I will concentrate my research on the United States as they documented the highest death toll for COVID-19 during 2020-21, double that of India, and I wanted to see how well they fared in 1918-19. As I come across interesting findings from other countries, including my own country, Australia, I will captured these also.

The US statistics reported 675,000 people of their population died during the pandemic, with cause-of-death either influenza or pneumonia, but curiously, just like in 2020-21 they had “comparatively few” other respiratory illness deaths during this same period, a “remarkable” finding.

Death statistics create FEAR

Blaming death on “one thing” provides an avenue to point blame and instil fear in a population. But was it really “the flu” that killed the people around the world in 1918 or was it the perfect storm of compounding circumstances that led to their demise, and a virus got the blame? I’m on a journey of discovery. I’ll place what I find here!

Dr Fauci et al published a paper that revealed most of the 1918-1919 pandemic deaths were from bacterial pneumonia [1, 2], at a time when mask wearing was prolific, but the influenza virus got the blame.

But what happened leading up to 1918 and during the pandemic period that could provide clues to factors that contributed to such high death numbers. Because just like in 2020 where those doctors who treated “the patient” and did it early, they had minimal to no deaths from COVID-19, compared to The Hospital System, the very same thing happened during the Spanish flu! Those who sort assistance from “regular” doctors of “Medical Science” had a higher death toll!

Medicine’s “supremacy” is waning over the minds of the masses

Some key findings on this page:

• “Regular” physicians of “Medical Science” did not know how to treat influenza or pneumonia in 1918 – they experimented with their “coal tar” derived drugs.
• In the U.S. during 1918-19 deaths from other respiratory diseases, other than influenza and pneumonia, “were comparatively few” or effectively disappeared – REF Just as “the flu” disappeared in 2020!
• Bacterial pneumonia was the major cause of death, as documented in the US vital statistics as well as according to lung tissue analysis published in 2008 by (the vaccine trio) Morens, Taubenberger and Fauci
  • Antibiotics had not yet been discovered
  • Masks were mandated in 1918 (just like 2020) and known to increase bacterial contamination
• Wearing of cloth masks were promoted by board of health to save lives – “99% proof against influenza”.
• Aspirin came off-patent in February 2017, it was available over-the-counter, and was taken in overdose amounts, a practice encouraged by some physicians “if a little is good, a lot more is better” mindset.
  • Aspirin in high doses affects the heart and pneumonia sets in!
  • [Edit April 2024 – Aspirin and pandemic mortality (2009) PAPER]
• “The Cult” practitioners referred to as “quacks” had lower mortality rate under their treatment guidance
  • Mortality rates of fraction of 1 percent (0.25%) under the “quacks” compared to 6-7% with as high as 50% under the “care” of regular physicians.
  • 1995 Case Fatality Rates (CFR) were estimated >2.5%, compared to <0.1% in other influenza pandemics
• Newspaper advertising was prolific for instilling fear. Throughout was a mass campaign for the “cure-all” Aspirin!
• Experiments failed of “influenza” sick, failed to infect with mucus (cough, sneeze etc) healthy people. Even though they did not know what the “pathogen” was, a sick person failed to infect a healthy person. The illness called “influenza” was not contagious.
• Historical and epidemiologic data are inadequate to identify the geographic origin of the virus, thought it may have began in 1915 – READ
• As “influenza” spread across the US in Sept/Oct 1918 “the limitations of modern medicine became evident.” states the CDC – REF

Vital Statistics:

• CDC mortality statistics US 1890-1938 – HERE
• US Public Health Reports – ARCHIVES

These are but a few points discovered so far, as more comes to my attention I will place in the timeline below

Links will appear in chronological order

Note: This order is opposite to how I catalogue data on many other pages on this website. I want to build the picture…for my own benefit as well. This chronology reveals a fascinating order of events. Links are continuously being added. Use them for your own research.

1889

1889 – “The great influenza pandemic of 1889 brought the discovery of the influenza bacillus to the scientific world shortly before it was extinguished.” – Discovered by Richard Pfeiffer (1858-1945)…”At the turn of the century, Pfeiffer’s theory of the influenza bacillus as the causative agent of pandemic and endemic influenza, influenza vera, was undisputed. But the first doubts soon arose.” – REF

November 2, 1889 – The Medical Record | New York: “Electrical Injuries” by Charles Dana – READ,

• A “curious epidemic of influenza in Russia” where practically everybody catches this disease which lasts 3-4 days and causes great annoyance – READ

1890

1890 – American journal of public health: Comments from an Influenza and Pneumonia symposium held in 1916 references the unusual influenza from 1890 – READ

• “In the year 1890 there was a sever outbreak of so-called influenza or grippe, an acute infection, presenting different symptoms from the ordinary respiratory infections, and everywhere accepted as a disease entity. From that time to this “influenza,” so called, has figured annually in our death-rates…Contrary to what one might expect, there seems to be no increase number of deaths from bronchitis and pneumonia in the years when the influenza mortality is the highest”…The great decline [in death rates] may be more apparent than real, for it is probable that many cases which in 1890 were credited to pneumonia would today be more carefully diagnosed and credited to malignant diseases, heart disease, nephritis etc.” Recent grippe failed to reveal the influenza bacillus. “Rather the indication is of infection with a streptococcus or pneumococcus of especial virulence.”
• Newspapers called this new and fatal disease in children “acidosis” the symptoms described o Page 313 could be radiation symptoms?
• Consider Quite Suddenly the world became electrified from 1889 and a different respiratory disease appeared – TIMELINE

1891

1891 – Homoeopathic Recorder 1891 (influenza epidemic in United States) pg 143: “Antipyrin and Death. Death Records Show a Strange State of Affairs. Two Methods of Treatment. The Allopaths Have Lost 63 Cases of Lung Troubles, in this City, in a Week — the Homoeopaths 2.” –READ, CREDIT

• In this epidemic “of Grippe a new drug made from coal tar, Antipyrine, was responsible for many deaths from its depressant action upon the heart” – They mean 1890’s influenza “grippe” epidemic.
• Antipyrin was patented in 1883 – WIKI
  • It was incorporated in almost every prescription, but it has practically disappeared from use by the next influenza epidemic in 1918, “mainly from its positively dangerous character and also from its worthlessness”
• “In the late Influenza epidemic [1918] the same history was repeate in the use of Aspirin and Salol [Phenyl salicylate] by highly educated physicians whose knowledge of the art of treating the sick was in inverse ratio to their scientific attainments in medicine.” – (1921) REF
• “…it would be impossible to explain the fabulous consumption of Antifebrin and Antipyrifi during the recent gigantic epidemic of influenza.” (1892) – REF
• Two influenza epidemics in a row (1890-91 and 1918-19) where death were iatrogenic and not so much due to “influenza” – few died under homeopaths, and many came to homeopaths after treatments failed under the Old School allopath.

1897

August 10, 1897 – Notes: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is discovered (Aspirin precursor)

• Felix Hoffman a scientists working for “Farbenfabriken vorm. Friedr. Bayer & Co.”, a German dye manufacturing company, synthesised acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) which became known as Aspirin the “drug of the century,” – READ
• “It was mostly by chance that he made a discovery of historic significance on August 10, 1897. By acetylating salicylic acid with acetic anhydride, he succeeded in creating acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in a chemically pure and stable form”
• Hoffman worked under the direction of Arthur Eichengrün. Only after Hoffman’s death was credit given to Hoffman alone, which Eichengrün, a Jew, challenged in 1944 from inside a concentration camp – REF
• The trademark name A-spir-in is derived from “a” for acetyl, “spir” from the spirea plant (a source of salicin) and the suffix “in,” – REF
• Aspirn was more palatable than Salicylates or Salicylic acid.
• Bayer were already the manufacturer of Heroine hydrochloride – IMG

1899

1899 – BOOK: Cattarrh, Colds and Grippe (4th Edition) by John H. Clarke M.D. – READ, Section II Chapter: Grippe or Influenza – READ

• “SINCE the earlier editions of this book were written the worst epidemic of Influenza within modern times has visited all parts of the civilised world,…
• “But it is clearly distinguished from true malaria by its infectious character…Influenza, whatever may be its origin, certainly does spread from one person to another by direct infection. But here again is a peculiarity : it has no fixed period of development, and there is no certainty of its developing at all”
• The forms which influenza may take are protean. There is no one symptom that I know of that is common to all, or even to the majority of cases…”
• Departures from the “classical type of influenza” are innumerable…”To describe them all would require a treatise on almost all the diseases that exist, for there is hardly any disease that influenza will not take the form of….”
• “One attack of the disease has no effect in protecting against a second, and, on the contrary, it seems rather to predispose to it. Relapses are very frequent…”

1908

1908 – The Homeopathic Recorder: Some Peculiar Cases of Influenza-Pneumonia by Dr G. Sieffert – READ

• “Somewhat striking in my cases was the frequency with which the left lung was affected, while usually it is the right side which, by preference, is the seat of inflammations. I may not mistake in stating, that the character of the pneumonias caused by influenza is gradually changing and that instead of the bronchial pneumonias, which used to be frequent, the lobar type is decidedly becoming more numerous.” – REF

1911

January 28, 1911 – JAMA Vol LVI No 4: Idiosyncrasy to Aspirin by Cyrus Graham MD pg 261 – READ, CREDIT

• Aspirin “should be listed as one of the dangerous drugs, which should not be retailed indiscriminately to the laity” (pg 262)

April 29, 1911 – JAMA Vol LVI No 17: Unusual Idiosyncrasy to Aspirin by Gilbert p1262 – READ

• “Unusual, and becuase of the violent reaction to an extremely small dose of aspirin. Judging from reports in the literature, poisoning from large doses of aspirin is relatively more frequent than that from small doses, which alone can show a distinct idiosyncrasy to the drug.”…An “asthmatic attack brought on”…or…”aggravated and complicated by an intense idiosyncrasy to aspirin.”
• [New and Non-official Remedies in 1911 – READ]

1913

1913 – American Journal of Public Health – The Bacteriology of Influenza – READ (pg 95)

• “The view that influenza bacillus [Pfeiffer’s bacillus, known today as Haemophilus influenzae] is a necessary factor in the production of this disease is steadily losing ground” says the New York Medical Journal (Nov 23, 1912). Many cases presenting the characteristic symptomology fail to show the pressence of the grip bacillus, while on the other hand the organism is found in conditions which fail completely to present the characteristic features of the disease. …There is, in fact, good ground for Leede’s belief that “influenza is a symptom complex which may be evoked by different kinds of bacteria, the most prominent of which is the pneumococus. Hence the need of always being on our guard against pulmonary complications in these cases.” [as was experienced 1918]

1914

August 22, 1914 – The Chemist and Druggist (reported in The Times London): – READ

• “Probably the British public is not aware that nearly all the so-called synthetic drugs, such as antipyrine, phenacetin, aspirin, chloral, and sulphonal are made in Germany. So also is the artificial sweetening agent, saccharin, as well as important antiseptic agents, such as salicylic acid, and to a considerable extent also the alkaloids quinine, morphine, cocaine, etc.”
• Manufacture of Salicylic Acid – READ

1915

February 5, 1915 – Britain Board of Trade – Trade Mark 221673 “Aspirin” – combating the German Asprin monolpoly – READ, Aspirin ads in Britain – HERE, HERE, HERE

1915 – In 1915 the Public Health Service released a code book for telegraph messages – to prevent panic if information about an epidemic was transmitted – “A telegraphic code for the use of the united states public health service, prepared under the direction of the Surgeon General” – READ, CDC – CREDIT

1916

February 26, 1916 – JAMA: Symposium on Pneumonia During 1915 and 1916 from pg 687- READ

• “Dr. William Egbert Robertson : The large number of deaths from pneumonia is due to our own ignorance of the disease and of the proper method of handling it. Pneumonia usually develops in individuals with a disease focus ; if not tuberculous, probably intranasal, or an old sinus disease.” – pg 688 – REF

1917

1917 – Influenza. An Epidemiologic Study (1921): Influenza Epidemics since 1893 – (Baseline chart of influenza death rate per million, England and Wales) – READ

February 27, 1917 – Bayer’s Aspirin comes off patent – READ

• German company Bayer owns the trademark for “Aspirin”, and the US patent for the product. It is an over-the-counter drug, which is heavily advertised in the newspapers throughout 1917. There is a manufacturing plant in New York.
• When America entered World War 1 (April 1917), the German company, who made Aspirin in New York, had it’s assets seised. The rights were sold, that company claimed to have the only authentic product.
• Generic Aspirin product (they were allowed to use the trademark) flooded the market. It was available over the counter. Newspapers were flooded with Advertisements. People took more than the label suggested. Doctors promoted more than the labels suggested!

Could mass Aspirin overdose have contributed to the death rate in the 1918 pandemic? – READ

1918

1918 – CDC: In the 1918 pandemic, the militarised “Public Health Service was dominated by the Commissioned Corps, a mobile cadre of uniformed and ranked medical professionals….- ARCHIVE, TIMELINE

• “In the late nineteenth century, physicians flocked to join the PHS because it offered job stability and a regular paycheck.” They were all white males in 1918. These US PHS officers were stationed all over the world. [So white, male physicians in uniform were calling the medical shots in the 1918 pandemic]
• “Women and minorities could, however, work in the PHS as civil servants and many did so—as physicians, nurses, biologists, pharmacists and sanitary engineers.”
• According to Allopathic physicians at the time and the CDC “Because few diseases could be cured, the prevention of disease was central to the PHS mission.” i.e. vaccination for everything.
• The weekly Public Health Reports is the official journal of the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General and the U.S. Public Health Service. – REF, Reports ARCHIVE
• Influenza was not a “reportable” disease at this time – REF
• “Because patients experienced symptoms not traditionally associated with influenza, physicians found the disease especially difficult to diagnose in 1918.” Allopathic “practitioners had only a limited ability to treat diseases” – REF
• Public places like theatres closed – POSTER

January 1918 – To Force Vaccinations – Dr C. W. Garrison, state health officer states the law will be strictly enforced – READ, READ2, Public school – READ, Maryland April 1918 – READ,

• June 7, 1918 – Rock Island Argus: Health Talks – Vaccination: “is the most unscientific prophylactic procedure in use in civilized communities at the present time – no one knows what vaccine is – and I just hate to vaccinate any one, yet there is no getting around the overwhelming evidence that vaccination prevents smallpox …Let all who will be vaccinated early and often, and let the rest be pock-marked if they wish” – June 1918 – READ

February 28, 1918 – The Audubon Republican (Iowa News) – Facts on Vaccination (TWO Page spread by M.O. Kingsbury, Chiropractor, Audubon, Iowa) – READ, PAGE2

• Objective “to educate the laymen as to facts regarding vaccination, and its results….[from] facts and reports from statistics gathered by statisticians, and others who are interested, and those who have been awakened by the fatalities and mortality caused by vaccination…smallpox and vaccination”
• “In talking with two of our supposedly well read and intelligent citizens, they both made the remark that they never heard of vaccination being injurious to the human body. Or heard of any mortality directly, or even indirectly, caused by vaccination” Many others assume vaccination is alright simply because health boards recommend it!

March 1918 – The Hahnemannian Monthly: A Clinical Study of the First 48 hours of Pneumonic fever in a series of 220 cases – READ

• “If one will scan the literature upon pneumonic fever, it will be noted that early symptoms are strikingly absent.”…The cases examined are taken from the records of Hahnemann Hospital, Philadelphia, occurring during the past four years and numbering two hundred and twenty….Pneumonia is distinctly a disease of sudden onset, such occurring in 146, or 6y per cent., and 72, or 33 per cent., having a gradual or insidious onset.”
• “Most of the textbooks on medical subjects were written by men who are teachers, and these men ordinarily do not see the beginnings of disease, which, in the majority of cases, are manifested by subjective symptoms…” – REF

March 30, 2018 – United States Public Health Service | Public Health Reports April 5, 1918, p502: “On March 30, 1918, the occurrence of 18 cases of influenza of severe type, from which 3 deaths resulted, was reported at Haskell, Kans.” – PDF, IMAGE, CREDIT

April 15, 1918 – “The earliest reported outbreak of epidemic proportions in the A. E. F. was that which appeared about April 15, 1918, at Rest Camp 4 in Base Section 2, near Bordeaux, reached its height on April 22 and ceased on May 5.” – pg 675 – REF

May 1918- The Hahnemannian Montly: SICK-WASTAGE IN THE ARMY AND INFLAMMATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE AS AN IMPORTANT CAUSATIVE FACTOR – by Lieu. T. L. Doyle – READ

• “Regarding treatment : Absolute cleanliness is quite sufficient.”
• “In 1896 the Department of Health of Xew York City requested physicians to report all cases under their care. This was later made compulsory.”

May 17, 1918 – Science: Anti-typhoid inoculation – letter addressed to the Secretary of War, re pamphlet titled “Why Is My Soldier Sick” issued by the National Anti-vivisection Federation, New York (Jan 31, 1918) by W.W. Keen – READ

• …official protest against the medical department’s claim that serum inoculation is a necessary war measure and for that reason made compulsory… we point to the provision of exemption now made by Great Britain, that power having been forced to rescind the rule of compulsion after the alarming effects of inoculation were disclosed” [Maybe false claim re British “compulsion”, though the “alarming effects” is not addressed, just that ]
• Great Britain has never made anti-typhoid vaccination compulsory, as was confirmed by Surgeon-General Goodwin of the British Army. “Nearly all of the British army has been voluntarily vaccinated against typhoid fever” – 99%
• “The reason for this [99% uptake] is that they [the British Soldiers] have seen how extraordinarily complete is the protection offered by the anti-typhoid inoculation”

May 1918 – Hahnemannian Monthly: THE CONTROL OF TUBERCULOSIS IN NEW YORK CITY – Mills – READ

• Until 1902 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis that required hospital care were treated in the city hospitals and placed in the general medical ward

May 1918 – Hahnemannian Monthly: Drugless Healers in the Army Medical Department pg 285

May (mid) 1918 – “By May, 1918, there was in Spain a widespread epidemic which received much publicity” – REF, REF2,

• “On the information thus far at hand it may be stated that from the beginning of the outbreak the disease appeared to have the characteristics proper to all the epidemics recorded in history under the name of influenza, grippe, or trancazo (beating with sticks). The great infectivity of the disease, its short duration, and its relatively benign character, are marked features…” [symptomology is described within] The author associates Pfeiffer bacillus with most cases either initially or following disease progression- pg 1924 REF
• Mortality was “greatest among adults from 20 to 39 years of age”…
• “Those most heavily struck by the disease have been the cardiacs and the tuberculous; the latter have paid the heaviest tribute to the disease”

May 1918 – “A disease, clinically recognized as influenza, became epidemic in the A. E. F. in France in May, 1918.” – REF

June 1, 1918 – Reported in: Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) | Vol 71, No 2 (July 13, 1918): Influenza in Spain – Pg 136 – READ

• It was reported in JAMA that the Spanish Public Health Service had “announced that the epidemic prevailing at Madrid seems to be of grippal nature“, the information was from Medicina Ibera published June 1, 1918. Grippe is the era’s common term for “influenza”.
• Just as interesting is “no specific microbe had been isolated” and “the disease is so mild”. But clearly the nature of this incident prompted the Madrid governor to put a cap on drug prices. Where Bayer’s aspirin is called out by brand name.
• I suspect this is the first account of “influenza”, and why the 1918 pandemic was referred to as “The Spanish Flu“.

July 2, 1918 – Reported in: Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) | Vol 71, No 2 (July 13, 1918): Influenza in Spain – Pg 136 – READ

• “Epidemic of Influenza—The report came from London, July 2, that the influenza epidemic that has been so prevalent in Spain has entered England, is spreading rapidly, and has already reached the midland counties where schools have been closed and many mines are in danger of being shut down.”

July 13, 1918 – The Lancet | Issue 4950: The Prevailing Pandemic – READ, Reports of grippe in Paris (France) and Belfast (Ireland)

• “The epidemic seems very like the Spanish one recently reported”:
• Interestingly Belfast is reported in poor health – Oct 1918 – READ

July 13, 1918 – The Lancet | Vol 195 Issue 4950: The Absence of the Bacillus Influenza in the Exudate from the Upper Air-Passages in the Present Epidemic – Captain Little et al Canadian Mobile Laboratory, Pg 34- READ

• “Is the present widely spread epidemic one of influenza or is it something new?” The symptoms are described and they are not typical influenza
• “The most striking symptoms are: Sudden onset with chills, severe headache with pain in cervical, dorsal, and lumbar regions, also pain in limbs and general malaise. The face is somewhat flushed and herpes labialis is to be noticed in a few case…”
• “In conclusion, we wish to point out that although this epidemic has been called influenza for the want of a better name, yet in our opinion it cannot properly be considered such for the following reasons:”…READ
  • “The organism of influenza—viz., Bacillus influenza—was in all cases absent and there was present with no exception a Gram-positive diplococcus.” etc

July 13, 1918 – The Lancet | Vol 195 Issue 4950: Outbreak of an acute febrile disease in three factories and and industrial school in Glasgow – By Dr. A. MAcLEAN pg 36 – READ

• “During the first week of May of this year an acute febrile disease with symptoms resembling those of influenza invaded three factories and one industrial home for boys in Glasgow. The three factories accounted for 420 cases, the industrial school for 16. The disease was of a very mild type, and was characterised by sudden onset, severe headache, prostration, occasionally extreme, and rapid recovery usually in 2-4 days.”…
• “The bacillus of influenza is invariably absent“

July 27, 1918 – The Lancet Vol 195, Issue 4952: On a Method of Preparing Medium for the Culture of Pfeiffer’s Influenza Bacillus that gives profuse growth and is to a marked degree selective for this organism – John Matthews – READ Pfeiffer’s bacillus is the common name for the alleged influenza causing agent B. influenze (Pfeiffer) – (which should actually be a virus not bacillus – “Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria”)

• “In view of the prevailing pandemic of influenza it seems a fitting time to publish a short account of this peculiarly valuable medium…The method consists in the use of blood digested by trypin, prepared as follows…”
• “The medium grows influenza freely from the first culture, and it is to a marked extent selective. Thus, it inhibits pneumococci entirely and in a large measure streptococci and other Gram-positive organisms, but apparently favours staphylococci.”

July 27, 1918 – The Lancet Vol 195, Issue 4952: The Bacteriology of the Prevailing Pandemic – To the Editor of THE LANCET – READ

• Re Canadian report above “According to verbal report, investigations of other bacteriologists with the B.E.F. in France tend to support the view that the present pandemic is due to infection by Pfeiffer’s bacillus, and therefore truly influenza.”

July 27, 1918 – The Lancet Vol 194, Issue 4952: Broncho- Pneumonia in Army Camps pg 120 – READ [could these be “influenza” like illness]

• An important paper on the virulent type of pneumonia observed in Army camps was read by Dr. W.G. MAcCALLUM, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. This disease seemed likely to be the cause of a large amount of sickness and death. While numerous cases of lobar pneumonia had occurred, the most noteworthy was a type of bronchopneumonia due to infection with a hemolytic streptococcus.
• The prominent symptoms were sore throat, swelling of the larynx, and alteration of the voice owing to deep ulceration of the vocal cords. The fluid which collected in the pleural cavity was slightly turbid, at first straw coloured, becoming later brown, and then purulent and thick….Post mortem the lungs were found distended with air and containing hard peri-bronchial nodules as large as peas, resembling miliary tubercles.

August 1918: “Aspirin Advertisements in August 1918 and a Series of Official Recommendations for Aspirin in September and Early October Preceded the Death Spike of October 1918” – REF, SOURCE, PDF

August 10, 1918 – Lancet Vol 195, Issue 4954: Bacteriology of the “SPANISH INFLUENZA“, as reported from Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift – READ

• The pandemic of influenza has not spared any single part of Germany. … Relapses and fatal pneumonias are particularly noted.
• Frankfort his failure to detect Pfeiffer’s bacilli in any of the few cases which he had thoroughly examined. In practically all cases there were found, however, large numbers of a Gram-positive coccus—often in a pure culture or in symbiosis with pneumococci. The diplococcus tended to develop involution forms and to grow in very long chains in the condensation water. He regards them as agents of a secondary infection in the “Spanish disease”

September 1918 – CDC: The Great Pandemic – describing course of a “mixed infection” beginning like influenza- ARCHIVE

“This epidemic started about four weeks ago, and has developed so rapidly that the camp is demoralized and all ordinary work is held up till it has passed….These men start with what appears to be an ordinary attack of LaGrippe or Influenza, and when brought to the Hosp. they very rapidly develop the most viscous type of Pneumonia that has ever been seen. Two hours after admission they have the Mahogany spots over the cheek bones, and a few hours later you can begin to see the Cyanosis extending from their ears and spreading all over the face, until it is hard to distinguish the coloured men from the white. It is only a matter of a few hours then until death comes, and it is simply a struggle for air until they suffocate.

It is horrible. One can stand it to see one, two or twenty men die, but to see these poor devils dropping like flies sort of gets on your nerves. We have been averaging about 100 deaths per day, and still keeping it up. There is no doubt in my mind that there is a new mixed infection here, but what I don’t know.”

A physician stationed at Fort Devens outside Boston, late September, 1918 – CDC

September 26, 1918 – US Navy: DIVISION OF SANITATION, Washington, D.C. – Influenza “grippe” is now spreding over the country in epidemic form (description of disease, charts and other data) – Influenza – SECTION1, INFLUENZA STATISTICS, ENTIRE NAVY – SECTION2, SECTION 3, CREDIT

• “At the beginning of the disease a cathartic, such as 2¹/2 or 3 grains of calomel [mercury], followed by a seidlitz powder or epsom salts, is useful. Aspirin in 5-grain doses is useful for pain, but do not take large doses of aspirin, phenacetin, or other medicines. Send for the doctor.”
• “Vaccination against influenza is partially successful.” [They had the wrong pathogen Influenza bacillus/Pfeiffer’s bacillus].
  • “controlled, vaccination experiments were without value”…555 men given “three inoculations of a Pfeiffer bacillus vaccine prepared at the United States Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass….third inoculations were completed October 5, 1918” with 800 controls – 9% of vaccinated contracted the influenza compared to 5% of controls!
  • Another test with several thousand men of those that contracted influenza 12.8% were unvaccinated and 15.9% had received one to four inoculations of Pfeiffer bacillus vaccine
  • “vaccination had no marked influence upon the course and severity of the attack”

September 28, 1918 – The Lancet | Vol. 195 Iss. 4961: Notes on the Symptomatology and Morbid Anatomy of So-Called “Spanish Influenza” with special reference to its diagnosis from other forms of “P.U.O” – E. Rivaz Hunt – pg 420 – READ

• The symptomatology of “Spanish influenza” is characteristic, and in view of the extreme prevalence of this disease at present…:
  • The incubation period appears to be short, about 3-4 days. The mode of onset is characteristically sudden….
  • The earliest symptoms are usually shivering, pains in the limbs and back and very severe headache—generally, but not invariably, frontal in situation—and sore throat, and in almost all cases an irritating severe cough is also complained of….The appearance in most cases is quite characteristic. The patient lies curled up in bed in a drowsy condition, with flushed face and injected conjunctiva, but there is little coryza, and physical signs, in the early stages at any rate, are remarkable by their absence.” Some have a rash.
  • A small percentage of patients develop serious pulmonary complications, and the pneumonia arising in these cases presents several distinctive features. It is of a mixed lobar and broncho-pneumonic type….In some of these influenzal pneumonias the toxemia is severe, and death rapidly ensues from acute heart failure.
  • The heart condition of a very large proportion of these cases of ‘‘ Spanish influenza” is interesting…It is noteworthy that in a large proportion of cases examined post-mortem here myocarditis was found, and more or less dilatation of the heart was constant…
  • The onset of pyrexia [fever] is very sudden, the temperature rapidly rising to 103° or higher. The duration of pyrexia is generally short,…
  • The pains of this type of influenza are very characteristic ; they are referred almost invariably to the muscles and soft tissues, and to a less extent to the joints rather than to the bones themselves….
  • A blood count is of great value in helping to discriminate between the various causes of P.U.O. … In ‘Spanish influenza” the leucocyte count usually varies between 5000 and 9000 per c.mm….

September 1918 – Camp Lee, Virginia, USA – Testimonial from Camp Lee Hospital – after Aspirin was banned the “death rate came down very rapidly” – PDF [the more you learn!] (September was the influenza month at Camp Lee – REF)

My low death rate at Camp Lee was due entirely to the fact that I avoided the use of Aspirin absolutely. I was complimented by the chief medical officer as having the lowest death rate in the hospital. After the medical chief had noted the effect of Aspirin on the blood and the results which I was having in using Homeopathy he discouraged the use of Aspirin and the death rate came down very rapidly after that ruling.

Carleton A. Harkness, M. D. (a Homeopath) – PDF

• Surgeon General report from Camp Lee – Pg 756 and base hospital report pg 758 – READ, Camp overview pg 386- READ
  • No mention of the Aspirin ban but (pg 758) “A system of rapid expansion and the avoidance of over crowding were perhaps the most important factors in successfully treating the situation” [perhaps!]
  • (pg 757 – point #7): “It is very doubtful, as far as the influenza itself was concerned, whether any measures taken ultimately reduced the incidence of the disease. The quarantine seemed to have no ultimate effect, but did delay the appearance of the disease in the organizations so isolated”
  • Note (pg 757): “all members of the command had their nose and throat sprayed daily with argyrol“. This is the only reference in the SG report to Argyrol (Mild Silver Protein anti-infective) yet this treatment was allegedly mandated by SG for all troops and then recommended to the public.

September 30, 1918 – St Paul Pioneer Press: Grip Germ Is Found – Cultures from Patients Show Disease is Not New, Fort Snelling Officers Say – READ

October 2, 1918 – EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA AND THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE pg 1821 – “In this emergency the Surgeon General called upon the Volunteer Medical Service Corps, the Red Cross, the medical and nursing profesions as a whole, and on the general plublic for personnel to helpcombat the epidemic.” – REF

October 4, 1918 – US Public Health Reports: Epidemic Influenza – Prevalance in the United States – PDF

October 5, 1918 – The Lancet | Vol 195 Iss 4962 : INFLUENZA IN INDIA.—There has been a widespread epidemic of influenza throughout India, introduced, the medical officers of health agree, through shipping. – READ

October 8, 1918 – Am. J. Public Health: THE USE OF INFLUENZA VACCINE IN THE PRESENT EPIDEMIC – READ, SOURCE

• Three strains (Carney, Navy and Devens) of influenza bacilli [BACTERIA] obtained from cases during the present epidemic have been used in the manufacture of vaccine.
• The technic used in the preparation of vaccine follows: 1 1/2 per cent agar has been prepared from meat infusion (beef hearts) with glucose, and made 1 per cent acid in plenolphthalein….Three to five drops of human blood are added to each tube…We have prepared in this way up to 4,000 tubes of blood-agar per day
• The solution is mixed with “Three Cresols” – cresols are obtained from coal tar or petroleum

October 8, 1918 – Am. J. Public Health: THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY OF INFLUENZA – Darling – READ, SOURCE

• MASKS justification: “The best evidence indicates that infection occurs through respiration, the causative organism being carried on dust particles and presumably lodging on the mucosa of the respiratory passages.”
• Quarantine and isolation not practical except in army as too many are infected. But closing things down could work!
• “The onset of the disease is very sudden, often in one to three hours the patient passes from apparent health almost to prostration.” Disease manifestation described

October 11, 1918 – US Public Health Reports: INFLUENZA: AVOID IT AND PREVENT ITS SPREAD. Instructions issued by the Department of Health and Sanitation Emergency Fleet Corporation – pg 1731 – PDF

• “The agents which cause the disease come from the nose and throat of infected persons. Some persons carry the infection without having the disease. [asymptomatic]
  • Avoid needles crowding – walk to work
  • Say in the open air and in the sunshine as much as you can
  • Breathe clean air and plenty of it – keep window open when you sleep
  • Use plenty of covering to keep warm and loose fitting clothes when awake
  • Avoid coughing, sneezing, or snuffling persons and don’t do the same. “The firing range of the careless cougher or sneezer is at least 3 feet. Get beyond the ‘barrage’ of infected droplets.”
    If necessarily attending the sick, wear a gauze mask over the nose an mouth. Wash your hands thoroughly after handling a person sick with grip and after handling anything likely to be smeared or sprayed with the secretions from the nose or mouth of an infected person
  • Wash you hands thoroughly
  • Don’t use the napkin, towel, spoon ,for, glass or cup which has been use by another person and not washed
  • Keep away from houses where there are influenza cases unless necessary for you to visit them
  • Keep up you genera health – clean water, eat clean, wholesome food, sleep 7 hrs, regular bowels
  • Buck up. Bee cheerful.

October 18, 1918 – The Sun (New York): Conboy Releases Doctors and New Vaccine Promises Relief – READ, CONT

• “Physicians who were examing for the draft “will be released to combat the local epidemic”…
• “The Department of Health presented the results of experiments conducted with anti-influenza vaccine prepared by Dr William H. Parks, director of the bureau of laboratories in the department. They indicate that where the vaccine has been used there has been a sharp decrease in the number of new influenza cases….immunity from influenza has been produced by use of the vaccine it is the strongest possible indication that Pfeiffer’s bacillus is the cause of the disease.” [Which it was not!]
• 30,000 doses per day have been ordered!

October 23, 1918 – Daily Gate City news Iowa: Vaccinate Class One – Influenza vaccination “compulsory on the men going to cantonment” ” – READ

October 27, 1918 – US Senate Joint Resolution 63 (65th Cong., 2nd sess.): An act to establish a permanent reserve for duty in the Public Health Service in time of national emergency “such as that presented by the present epidemic of influenza.” – PHS Reports p1865 (the PHS is a military organisation)

October 1918 – Am J Pub Health: Weapons Against Influenza: Widwestern Health Department went East he received advise – READ

“When you get back home, hunt up your wood-workers and cabinet- makers and set them to making coffins. then take your street labourers to set the to digging graves”. If you do’ this you will not have your dead accumulating faster than you can dispose of them.”

• “Among the prophylactic measures have been employed in the Ease: the conventional precautions against contact infection, the face mask, and anti-influenza vaccine“
• Among the curative measures have been advocated: the open-air treatment, the use of serum from convalescent patients, and again, anti-influenza vaccine“
• “As for the vaccine…it has no therapeutic effect, that the prophylactic effect merits further investigation, and that no ill effects follow the use of the vaccine” [i.e. its safe but not effective!]
• While we wait for more conclusive statistics, the epidemic rages’ any community is, therefore, justified in employing the vaccine, for it is safer to gamble with the cost of preparing and administering the vaccine than with the lives endangered. It will be well to emphasize to the public that the vaccination is experimental, and is not compulsory; otherwise, in the event of its ultimate failure, the whole system of vaccination may be discredited by the public, including that against smallpox, typhoid etc.

November 1, 1918 – Public Health Reports Vol 33 No. 44: Epidemic Influenza: Reports received by the United States Public Health Service since the last issue… indicate that the epidemic is declining in a majority of the States. In some places conditions are approaching normal. … In a few States it appears that the crest has not yet been reached. – PDF

• “Up to and including October 26, a total of 86,045 deaths from influenza and pneumonia (all forms) since the beginning of the epidemic has been reported to the Public Health Service”

• CDC: In 1918 “practitioners had only a limited ability to treat diseases.”…”As a viral infection, influenza can be prevented by a vaccine and during the early weeks of the pandemic”. According to the CDC “many people believed that a vaccine against influenza was forthcoming. Although vaccines have been developed before scientists have ascertained the exact cause of a disease [i.e. the pathogen], medical researchers’ failure to ascertain and isolate the influenza virus did not bode well for the development of an influenza vaccine at this time.” – REF

November 2, 1918 – The Lancet | Vol 195 Iss 4966: Observations on a Small Localised Epidemic of Influenza with Special Reference to the incubation period – Foster and Cookson – READ, Nov 9, 1918 – The incubation period of influenza- READ

• “These observations illustrate two factors in the spread of influenza. Firstly, the narrow radius within which infection takes place ; secondly, the shortness and apparent punctuality of the incubation period. Both these factors help to explain the rapid spread of epidemic influenza.”

November 2, 1918 – The Lancet Vol 195, Iss 4966: The Influenza Epidemic – pg 595- READ

• The epidemic influenza has spread across the world, there are a shortage of doctors due to the war, and by this stage it appears most to the armies in the field have recently been infected.
• “In Europe, Spain seems to have been the country first attacked, hence the present term “Spanish influenza” for what was on a former occasion called “Russian influenza”!
• For the rest we may trust the Local Government Board and the local health authorities to do their best in the circumstances, but the work of prevention is largely dependent upon the people themselves. If those who feel ill would stay at home; if those who are well would avoid travelling in railway carriages with the windows closed or in unventilated trams and ‘buses; and, above all, if the public would forego picture palaces or other crowded places of amusement so long as the epidemic continues,
• STOP THE SPREAD: “… but the work of prevention is largely dependent upon the people themselves. If those who feel ill would stay at home; if those who are well would avoid travelling in railway carriages with the windows closed or in unventilated trams and ‘buses; and, above all, if the public would forego picture palaces or other crowded places of amusement so long as the epidemic continues, much would be done to limit the spread in populous centres.”

The Lancet: Weekly Vital Statistics

November 2, 1918 – The Lancet | Vol 195, Iss 4966: Correspondence – Influenza and Preventive Inoculation (and other letters to the Editor) pg 602 – READ, more information pg 609 – READ, Nov 9 – READ

• “I am personally supplying quantities of the vaccine to the military authorities through the Inoculation Department, St Mary’s Hospital” – The comment was referring Oct 26 article about vaccinating military – “Our Present Knowledge of Epidemic Catarrh.” – READ
• 50 cases of influenza were treated with “intravenous injections of oil of garlic. After determining on himself that 5 mins. of Oleum allii sativi could be given with impunity, he administered the oil to patients suffering from influenza in a 10 percent. solution, using equal parts of alcohol and pure ether as the solvent” [This is medicine of the time in action!!] – REF

November 8, 1918 – Public Health Reports Vol 33, Week 45 (pg 1913-1968) – READ, PDF

• ***Summary of the epidemic, includes reports from around the world.
  • Table: Cases of Influenza and Deaths from Influenza and Pneumonia (All Forms) as Reported to the United States Public Health Service from page 1913
  • INFLUENZA IN EUROPE. pg 1921 – Netherlands, Switzerland, Spain, Germany,
  • Epidemic symptoms similar to 1889 epidemic (29 years earlier), elder less affected (natural immunity?) under 30’s hardest hit.
• SURE CURES FOR INFLUENZA…”The United States Public Health Service urges the public to remember that there is as yet no specific cure for influenza, and that many of the alleged “cures” and remedies now being recommended by neighbors, nostrum vendors, and others do more harm than good. The chief reliance must be on fresh air, nutritious food, plenty of water, cheerful surroundings, and good nursing.”

November 11, 1918 – Armistice day, World War 1 ended
Now what are they going to do with the left over vaccines?

November 15, 1918 – US PHS | Public Health Reports Vol 33, No 46 – DROPLET INFECTION EXPLAINED IN PICTURES – “The poster exemplifies the modern method of health education” teaching the public about “droplet infection in the spread of respiratory diseases” – READ

November 20, 1918 – The Washington Herald: Influenza, Epidemics and Vaccination by Chas M. Higgins, NY – READ (Suspend all compulsory vaccination soldiers, make vaccination voluntary to stop the epidemic!) [just a few notes from this very interesting article…pls read full article]

• Vaccination a proved cause of epidemics and a possible or partial cause of the present epidemic of influenza and pneumonia. Request the US War Department to suspend all army vaccination during epidemics and t make all vaccination wholly voluntary as it now is in the English army.
• “Now the act of ordinary vaccination [smallpox] is, in itself, an act of blood poisoning, pure and simple, and it is so classed in medical and statistical works as a form of ‘septicemia’ and one disease germ commonly found, with many others, in vaccine virus is the streptococcus, which is the chief germ found in all bad pus infections and abscess formations” (author provides ref in article)
• “Therefore, as the act of vaccination is simply the impregnation of the body and blood with a pus infection identical with ‘septicemia’ or ‘pyemia’ and as this infecting process is repeated at wholesale in the bodies of thousands and tens of thousands of men closely massed in camps, should it be any wonder if an epidemic of some sort of ‘septicemia’ should crop out at some time under such conditions?” [good question!]
• Could “…such world-wide, and million times repeated, acts of septicemic infection [various injections given]…prove to have some causative or conditional relation to the present world-wide epidemic of septicemic disease?“[so it appears this author has knowledge of mass vaccination amongst all soldiers, including the “multi-vaccinated” Germans]
• A variation of smallpox disease, without eruptions, presents like influenza!
  • “In fact true smallpox might be described simply as influenza with eruptions and mild smallpox or vaccination as influenza without eruption…This…establishes a logical and medical ralation between vaccination and influenza…” they note US Battleship Ohio Dec 1913 where smallpox and influenza broke out at the same time – impossible initially to differentiate b/w.
• “the extensive wholesale and repeated vaccinations in the military camps throughout the world…indicate that this vaccine infection was now escaping from and overflowing its usual bounds and running wild as a world-wide epidemic infections…
• Reference made to Dr William Osler’s Modern Medicine (1913) – suggesting not to vaccination during epidemics – HERE
  • Vaccination applied to smallpox. With the development of pneumonia (Mayo laboratory) and influenza anti-serum they referred to these products as “vaccines” for “vaccination”, thus they hijacked the terminology to now apply to injecting ANY pathogen/toxin to make the person immune to disease – HERE (now that the hypodermic needle was available!)
• Reference made to: The Vaccination Question in the Light of Modern Experience – An appeal for Reconsideration (London, 1914) by Dr Killick Millard, Medical Officer of Health for Leicester – READ (18 years since England’s Royal Commission report on Vaccination – and no serious attempt has been made for review)

November 22, 1918 – US PHS | Public Health Reports Vol 33, No 47 – READ

• EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA AMONG AMERICAN SOLDIERS ABROAD – from Weekly Bulletin No. 28, issued by the office of the chief surgeon, American Expeditionary Forces, October 21, 1918.
  • “New replacement draft detachments arriving with each convoy have added the heaviest percentage of infected men per strength and have shown the highest percentage of complicating pneumonia.” Meningitis …increases soon after. [All incoming troops were heavily vaccinated]
  • “It will be noted that in the American Expeditionary Force “the heaviest percentage of infected men per strength and the highest percentage of complicating pneumonias” occurred among newest placement draft detachments. Is it possible that the other men possessed a certain degree of immunity because of the earlier mild outbreak?
• ANTI-VENEREAL CAMPAIGN MUST NOT RELAX – The end of actual fighting in the world war does not lessen the necessity for the campaign against venereal diseases
  • Gonorrhea and Syphilis [Osler], both bacterial diseases. All military were vaccinated with bacterial “vaccines”. How were these vaccine products made? If from ANIMALS, is this a possible source of contamination?
  • [They obviously didn’t get control, as venereal disease was the justification for restructuring the US Public Health Services – a military organisation – TIMELINE]

November 29, 1918 – US Public Health Reports Vol 33, No 48 – READ – “Influenza has ceased to be epidemic in many parts of the country”

November 1918 – American Journal of Public Health (NY): PUBLIC HEALTH NOTES – PDF, SOURCE

• “No Specific Cure for Influenza Yet Known. …The United States Public Health Service is besieged with inquiries as to the value in combating or treating “Spanish” influenza. Public interest in this form of treatment appears to have been aroused by newspaper accounts of the trials now being made of vaccines in various parts of the country.
• “..several different vaccines are now being tried. In and around Boston considerable use is being made of Leary’s influenza bacillus vaccine; in New York a vaccine made from various strains of influenza bacilli is being tested under the direction of Park, while in Chicago an entirely different type of vaccine, prepared by Rosenow is being tested. This consists of a mixture of pneumococci, streptococci, staphylococci, and influenza bacilli. The reports so far received do not permit any conclusion whatsoever regarding the efficacy of these vaccines or their relative merits.”
• The present epidemic has given rise to the publication of numerous “sure cures” and methods more or less plausible to the lay mind…. pseudo-scientific treatment, sometimes “isotonic sea-water,” sometimes”ozone therapy,” and again “harmonic vibrations.” and “sprinkle a little sulphur in each shoe every morning“…and more…
• The United States Public Health Service urges the public to remember that there is as yet no specific cure for influenza, and that many of the alleged “cures” and remedies now being recommended by neighbors, nostrum vendors and others do more harm than good.

December 1, 1918 – Los Angeles Times: Adios, Flu Scare! – READ [compare to COVID-19 pandemic!]

• December 29, 1918 – Influenza on Decline – Public health service reports – READ

December 6, 1918 – US Public Health Reports Vol 33, No 49 – READ

• THE INTRODUCTION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES BY RETURNING SOLDIERS
  exotic epidemic diseases may not be carried into this counitry and spread with disastrous results…Among the diseases especially to be feared are cholera, typhus, and plague….the coming few years will be very busy for health authorities everywhere, and it is to be hoped that the public will realize the need of giving them the greatest possible support and cooperation.

December 7, 1918 – JAMA: The Pandemic in the Army Camps, George A. Soper, December 7, 1918, p. 1899 – 1909 – READ, READ

• “Had it not been for the pneumonia, the pandemic would not have attracted much attention”

December 10, 1918 – Prophylactic inoculation against respiratory infections during the present pandemic of influenza – preliminary report – READ (Influenza vaccination with a bacterial formula)

December 12, 1918 – Evening Times-Republican (Iowa) – Medical Men Map Plans to Combat “Flu” – Vaccination and Masks Endorsed – READ (How convalescent serum (plasma) is made)

• American Public Health Association meeting formulates a NATIONAL program for health officers in fighting influenza epidemics.
• Not all health officers attending the meeting favoured face masks or vaccination – but among the likely measures to receive “official approval”. Widely divergent views, difference of opinions expressed regarding preventative measures, particularly officers in large cities vs rural areas.
• Dr W.H. Park of the committee on vaccines – “the disease was due to an ‘undetermined organism’, and the dominating variety of organisms differs according to various localities. Against use of “stock vaccine”. “He admitted that the most generally used form of vaccine [which??] offered some protection against the secondary or more serious stages of influenza, but little against the mild form of the disease and added that the vaccine generally had not been used until the peak of the disease, thus proving little”
• The “triple lipovaccine is now the official vaccine of the United States army” [Not sure what this is?]
• Next to the vaccine as a preventative came the subject of serum as a remedy when, either for lack of or in spite of vaccines one is attacked by the ‘flu’. Principal paper on this subject read by Lieut. S. M. Hartman US Navy. Serum = convalescent serum. Production procedure described for the layperson.
• Within a month (Jan 6, 2019) the serum, the “new remedy against influenza”, is promoted by – Dr Leary “get inoculated”, “use of serum will help stop influenza”..”it appears to be highly beneficial” -“I urge the public to find an opportunity and get inoculated” READ

December 16, 1918 – Webster City freeman, Iowa news – Free Vaccine to All People – READ Daily Gate City – READ, read more – HERE, Dec 28, 1918 last day of vaccination station – READ

• Remember “influenza” at this time was considered to be caused by Pfeiffer bacillus! Yet the article claims:
  • “Physicians state that the use of pneumonia and influenza vaccine renders the patient immune from taking the disease”
  • “No cure has yet been found applicable to all cases but the medical profession generally have full faith in the use of vaccine, which is newly discovered so far as concerns the Spanish influenza” [Yet the homeopaths were successfully curing and preventing pneumonia]
  • The public as young as two years old volunteered their arms – READ , given by hypodermic needle – READ
  • December 4, 1918 – The Daily Gate City news – Vaccination Station Here – opening soon – READ, 1,728 jabs by Dec 17, 1918, 81 of 98 appeared for their second shot – READ
  • Pneumonia vaccine was discovered “several months ago” by E. C. Rasenow of Mayo laboratories. The vaccine is supplied free as long as the Board of Public Health stay in control and strict records of use are kept. “Its efficiency as a preventive is not known with the certainty…no flat statement can be made about it…It has only been used in a few hundred thousand cases…” – Daily Gate

December 27, 1918 – Public Health Reports Vol 33 No. 52: EPIDEMICINFLUENZA PREVALENCE IN THE UNITED STATES – PRELIMINARY STATISTICS OF THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC by Edgar Sydenstricker, Public Health Statistician, US PHS – READ

• The epidemic and its intermediate after effects are not vet ended.
• “…in practically no State or localitv had influenza been a reportable disease prior to the 1918 epidemic, and that in perhaps a very large proportion of localities it was not made a reportable disease until the epidemic was well under way.

December 28, 1918 – The Lancet Vol 195, Iss 4974: Some Observations on the Bacteriology and Pathology of “Influenza”, Delivered at the Royal Society of Medicine Nov 13, 1918 – Whittingham & Sims – READ

• “The following investigations were undertaken to ascertain whether the present October “influenzal” epidemic and the July “Spanish plague” were due to one and the same micro-organism or group of organisms.”
• Includes charts and post-mortem findings

• VACCINE TREATMENT.” The vaccine prepared by us was made from micro-organisms isolated from severe cases in the present epidemic. Most of the streptococci and pneumococci were obtained from postmortem examinations. The vaccine was used (1) as a prophylactic and (2) as .a curative….” – READ
• The War Office conference Oct 28, 1918 “recommended that the vaccine for influenza should consist only of B. influenza, pneumococcus, and streptococcus” protective effect if >40 period available before infection! – REF

December 28, 1918 – The Lancet Vol 195, Iss 4974: The Use of Vaccines in Acute Influenza and Influenzal Broncho-Pneumonia – READ

December 28, 1918 – The Lancet Vol 195, Iss 4974: Some Observations on the Recent Influenza Epidemic At a Base Hospital in France – D.T. Harris – page 877 – READ

1918 – Berl Klin Wchnschr. | 55:768–769: Die anatomischen Befunde von 14 tödlich verlaufenen Fällen von Grippe (The anatomical findings of 14 fatal cases of flu). by Lubarsch – READ, CREDIT

1918 – Collected papers of the Mayo Clinic: PROPHYLACTIC INOCULATION AGAINST RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS DURING THE PRESENT PANDEMIC OF INFLUENZA – Preliminary Report* by E. C. Rosenow (Chief of Division of Experimental Bacteriology at Mayo Clinic) – READ, CREDIT
(*Presented before the Am. Public Health Assn., Chicago, Dec. 10, 1918. Reprinted from Jour. Am. Med. Assn., 1919, Ixxii, 31-34.)

1919

1919- The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research: DESCRIPTIVE PAMPHLET, 1919 – PDF, ARCHIVE, CREDIT

• “Three kinds of curative serums were manufactured in quantity; namely, antimeningococci, antipneumococcic Type I, and antidysenteric (polyvalent).
• “A third large building erected in 1917 for the production of curative serums to meet the urgent requirements of the war will eventually be used for ·experiments on a larger scale than was contemplated for the isolation units” [War was the catalyst for upscaling vaccine/serum production, sounds a bit like mRNA production plants during/post COVID-19 pandemic]
• “Fortunately the Institute had made contributions looking toward the prevention and the curative treatment of disease which offered immediate application to the medical problems likely to arise in connection with the greatly enlarged personnel of the United States Army and Navy. For example, curative serums for epidemic meningitis and for one of the forms of pneumonia had been worked out here.”
• “In order to help meet the suddenly increased demand for the curative serums worked out at the Institute, a special stable for horses was quickly erected and a special and suitable laboratory staff assembled at the Department of Animal Pathology. In undertaking serum manufacture on a large scale, the officers of the Institute had another object in view; namely, the standardization of the product”

1919 – Navy: Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1919 — Miscellaneous Reports – Influenza – ARCHIVES

1919 – Annual Reports of the Navy Department for the fiscal year 1919 – READ, READ2

January 4 1919 – JAMA Vol 72, Issue 1: Prophylactic Inoculation Against Respiratory Infections During the Present Pandemic of Influenza: Preliminary Report by Rosenaow E. C. – pg 31-34 –READ,

• “Influenza” vaccination targeted the bacteria that cause the complications, the “secondary infection”, which caused the deaths – pneumonia
• “Both local and general reactions are decidedly less than those following typoid vaccines. Exceptionally severe reactions occur showing unusual individual susceptibility. The severer reactions are prone to occur in persons who give a history of recent exposure to the disease, or who already have beginning symptoms of it [Pathogenic priming!]. In these persons, attacks may appear to be precipitated by the vaccination; but the course if usually short and relatively mild.”…

• References to random vaccines made during 1918 for “influenza”: JAMA page 44 – READ, Ref to Cutter Laboratory – READ, JAMA pg 1874 – READ

January 4 1919 – JAMA Vol 72, Issue 1: Treatment of Influenzal Pneumonia with Plasma of Convalescent Patients – O’Malley & Hartman (Navy) pg 34 – READ

January 6, 1919 – Boston Post: Inoculate Now, Urges Dr. Leary – READ [serum is not a vaccine so they say inoculated! It was only release last month!]

• Convalescent serum, the new remedy against influenza developed since the outbreak of the prevalent epidemic, is an immediately available safeguard against the disease…”I urge the public to find an opportunity and get inoculated”

February 1919 – Flu Pandemic.gov: Edward Gregory aged 24 was fed Asprin by the “½-hand full over and over again“, hours later he died – REF, CREDIT

In February 1919…Edward Gregory (age 24)…became ill with the flu…Edward′s fever kept getting higher and higher and the medicine of that day was aspirin, which was given to him by the ½-hand full over and over again. Edward sweated through his mattress and the local physician, Dr. Griffin, sat by his bed many hours but could not save his patient.

CDC web ARCHIVE

June 1919 – Archives Internal Medicine Vol 23, No 6: The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 in the American Expeditionary Forces in France and England, Archives Internal Medicine by MacNeal. W pg 657 – READ, referenced – HERE

• “Greater publicity was given to these reports in Spain, doubtless, in part, because that country was not engaged in war.” – This paper suggests pandemic “Influenza” originated in France
• “Until conclusive experiments have been carried out to decide the claims of the bacillus of Pfeiffer and of the filterable virus as the cause of influenza, one should keep an open mind in regard to the matter. It appears fruitless to attempt to settle the question by debate.”

July 12, 1919 – JAMA Vol 73, Issue 2: A METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF PROPHYLACTIC AND AUTOGENOUS LIPO-VACCINES by Rosenow et al from Mayo Foundation – READ, “Influenza vaccines” contained bacteria

July 19, 1919 – JAMA Vol 73, Issue 3: Survey of the Epidemic of Influenza in the American Expeditionary Forces by Warfield T. Longcope MD – READ

• “The origin of the epidemic of influenza and its invasion of Europe is still obscure; but it is certain that influenza existed in epidemic form in Spain, France and possibly England, early in 1918, and it may even have been present in endemic form during the previous year. By May, 1918, there was in Spain a widespread epidemic which received much publicity…”

August 2, 1919 – JAMA Vol 73, Issue 5: Experiments to Determine Mode of Spread of Influenza by MILTON J. ROSENAU, M.D. pg 311 – READ, PDF, CREDIT, JAMA start Issue No. 5 – HERE

• Experiments failed to reproduce the “influenza” disease in healthy people:
  • Experiment where “pure culture” of Pfeiffer’s bacillus, though to be the causal agent of “influenza” was sprayed into the nasal passage of 100 healthy naval “volunteers” – “none of them took sick“
  • Second experiment taking the mucus from sick patients, preparing that, sprayed into the nose and throat of healthy volunteers and “none of these took sick“.
  • Even transferring mucus direct from patient to volunteer (2-3 times), none took sick!
  • Drew blood from sick, prepared and injected into volunteers – “None of them took sick in any way“
  • Simulated the “natural spread” between healthy volunteers coming into direct contact (talking, shaking hands, coughing) with sick “influenza” patients in hospital – “They were watched carefully for seven days—and none of them took sick in any way.”

• Similar experiment was done in Japan by Yamanouchi et al with cultured Pfeiffer’s bacillus and no symptoms were found, but they did produce disease using “An emulsion of the sputum from forty three influenza patients … made in Ringer’s solution” – READ

August 2 1919 – JAMA Vol 73, Issue 5: THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFLUENZA by W. H. FROST, M.D., Surgeon, U. S. Public Health Service – READ

• Influenza epidemics: “even though a large proportion of the deaths are classified under diagnoses other than influenza” [Starting refine death count due to a disease labelled “influenza”!]
• Includes charts of 1889-1892 influenza epidemic.

August 2 1919 – JAMA Vol 73, Issue 5: BACTERIOLOGY OF RECENT PANDEMIC OF INFLUENZA AND COMPLICATING INFECTIONS by WILLIAM H. PARK, M.D., Director, Laboratories of New York City Health Department – READ

• “The pandemic of 1918 is over. The difficulty of being certain that any suspected cases are due to the pandemic virus is gradually increasing. It is probable that if we have not at the present time gathered sufficiently convincing evidence to convict some germ we shall have to wait for another epidemic to solve the problem”

August 2 1919 – JAMA Vol 73, Issue 5: THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND COMPLICATIONS OF INFLUENZA – READ

August 8, 1919 Public Health Reports | Vol. 34 No. 32: Influenza Studies: I. On Certain General Statistical Aspects of the 1918 Epidemic in American Cities by Raymond Pearl pg 1743-1783 –READ, CREDIT

• “It is certainly impossible now, and perhaps always will be, to make any precise statement,of the number of people who lost their lives because of this epidemic. But it is certain the total is an appalling one”
• “On the United States alone conservative estimates place the deaths from the influeinza epidemic at not less than 550,000, which is approximately five times the number (111,179) of American soldiers officially stated to have lost their lives from all causes in the war.”
• In the first place, owing to the advances which have been made in every branch of medical scienice since the epidemic of 1890, there is now available a much more adequate investigational armament with which to attack the problems raised by such an epidemic thani was the case earlier. Furthermore, the whole machinery for getting accurate records of the incidence and results of the outbreak are much better nlow than they were 30 years ago.”
• The records of mortality connected with the present epidemic are unquestionably more complete and accurate than any that have ever before been available in this country for any epidemic of anything like so great extent or force.”
• The present paper is initended as a first contribution toward the statistical analysis of certain phases of the 1918 influeniza epidemic…
• “On account of varying medical opinions as to the properly reportable terminal cause of death of persons dying after having had influenza during this epidemic, it has been thought safest to use death rates from all causes for study, rather than those specifically reported to the registrar as due to influenza or pneumonia. Consequently, we shall deal with death rates from all causes in discussing the present epidemic.”
• “There was an extraordinary degree of variation amongst the different cities in respect of the initial force and duration of this first explosion” Why?
• “The wave-like character of the curves in general is of great interest, The usual phenomenon was a large first wave followed by a series of other smaller…” but not always, thus “there must be discoverable clean-cut differentiating factors which influeinced the influenza death” between cities of different mortality curves

• “The existence of this high correlation at once indicates that an essential factor in determining the degree of explosiveness of the outbreak of epidemic influenza in a particular city was the normal mortiality conditions prevailing in that city..…those cities which had a relatively high normal death rate had also a relatively severe and explosive mortality from the influenza epidemic. …Similarly, cities which normnally have a low death rate had a relatively low, and not sharply expAosive, increase in mrortality during the epidemic.”
• “It will also be noted that the correlation in…those for pulmonary tuberculosis, so-called organic diseases of the heart, and chronic nephritis and Bright’s disease [kidney diseases], are of the same order of magnitude as that between the death rate from all causes and the explosiveness of epidemic outbreak of influenza”

December 1919 – Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 73 – July-Dec 1919 – References to “influenza” – HERE (for you to explore)

1920

1920 – CDC: Department of Commerce United States of America: OFFICIAL Mortality Statistics 1918 – PDF, CDC – SOURCE

• Official mortality statistics for Influenza and pneumonia (all forms) in US (ex Hawaii) for 1918
  • 477,467 total (583.2/100,000) compared to 125,795 (167/100,000) in 1917
  • 79.8% mortality occurred Sept-Dec 1918 – equating to 381,018
  • Highest rate from influenza and pneumonia since 1910. In 1918 deaths from other respiratory diseases “were comparatively few”! [Exactly like in 2020!]

1920 – CDC: US Mortality – Special Tables of Mortality from Influenza and Pneumonia. Indiana, Kansas, and Philadelphia, PA. September 1 to December 31, 1918 – Breakdown by age and gender – PDF, SOURCE

• Distinct “W” shaped age mortality graphs “never seen before or after” this time period. Normally they are “U” shaped with highest mortality in the young and elderly – REF [I won’t why they only selected those 3 states?]

1920 – CDC: “No one knows exactly how many people died during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. During the 1920s, researchers estimated that 21.5 million people died as a result of the 1918-1919 pandemic. More recent estimates have estimated global mortality from the 1918-1919 pandemic at anywhere between 30 and 50 million. An estimated 675,000 Americans were among the dead.” – REF

• PHS officers surveyed after the pandemic “admitted that the data which was collected was probably inaccurate” “PHS scientists continued to search for the causative agent of influenza in their laboratories as did their fellow scientists in and outside the United States”…the funds for “influenza” research dried up!

August 1920 – BOOK: Scurvy, past and present by Alfred Hess – READ

• Alfred Hess summarized a series of autopsy findings as follows: “pneumonia, lobular or lobar, is one of the most frequent complications (of scurvy) and causes of death” and “secondary pneumonias, usually broncho-pneumonic in type, are of common occurrence and in many (scurvy) epidemics constitute the prevailing cause of death” – REF

1921

1921 – Epidemiologie und Bakteriologie der Influenza-pandemie von 1918 (Epidemiology and bacteriology of the influenza pandemic of 1918) – READ

• “The great influenza pandemic of 1889 brought the discovery of the influenza bacillus to the scientific world shortly before it was extinguished. When in 1892 and 1893, in the inner circle of researchers around the old master cook Richard Pfeiffer (1), the strange, fine, hemoglobinophilic rod described the causative agent of the flu and answered the question of the “etiology of influenza”, the veil seemed to have been torn from one of the most mysterious infectious diseases….At the turn of the century, Pfeiffer’s theory of the influenza bacillus as the causative agent of pandemic and endemic influenza, influenza vera, wa”s undisputed. But the first doubts soon arose.

1921 – Report of the Philippine Health Service Fiscal Yr Jan 1 to Dec 31, 1920 — ARCHIVE, CREDIT

1921 – CDC: Department of Commerce United States of America: OFFICIAL Mortality Statistics 1919 – PDF, CDC – SOURCE

• Official mortality statistics for Influenza and pneumonia (all forms) in US (ex Hawaii) for 1919:
  • 189,326 deaths (222.4/100,000) from influenza and pneumonia (all forms) vs 479,038 death 2018 (588.7/100,000) [note they increased this from previous years reports]
  • 83.2% mortality in 2019 occurred in first six months of the year (Jan-June inclusive)
    • Thus this pandemic ran from September 1918 – June 1919 (10 months)
  • Some US states experienced consistent greater toll than other states, with the highest at 9.2 deaths/1,000 (Pennsylvania) and the city of Pittsburg with 12.7 deaths/1,000. Lowest state was Michigan (4.5) and lowest city was Grand Rapids (2.8). Their mortality was consistent across the 10 month period

February 1921 – US Public Health Service HYGIENIC LABORATORY BULLETIN No.123 5–41: Experiments upon volunteers to determine the cause and mode of spread of influenza, Boston, November and December, 1918. Rosenau MJ, Keegan WJ, Goldberger J. – READ, CREDIT

• CONCLUSIONS: “Attempts to transmit influenza by means of cultures of Pfeiffer’s bacillus and of Mather’s streptococcus were unsuccessful. Pfeiffer’s bacillus is found in the throats of many people who are free from influenza, but shows a tendency to multiply and become predominant during an attack of the disease.” – READ

February 15, 1921 – The Homoeopathic Recorder Vol 36: Observations on the toxic action of Aspirin by Benjamin Woodbury – READ

• “This paper…merely represents some a posteriori deductions from the record of overdosage, thereby indicatingin a measure the toxic action of this universally used and abused drug.” Which was used 1918…

February 15, 1921- The Homoeopathic Recorder Vol 36: Vaccination and the Public Health by F. M. Padelford, M.D., pg 56 – READ (pls read in full)

• “The influenza outbreak of 1918 assumed alarming characteristics in the army camps. Whether the disease originated there or was introduced from the outside we do not know. But among the soldiers it spread rapidly. So great a degree of malignancy had it acquired when it reached the civil population, as it was bound to do ultimately, that only persons whose resistance was exceptionally high were able to resist it.
• “The bacteriology of the disease is even now largely a matter of speculation. Whether the worst cases owed their malignancy to secondary infection with some virulent strain of streptococci, we do not know, yet this appears to have been the case”
• “As is generally known, with few exceptions indeed, men entering the Service were compelled to submit to repeated injections of killed bacilli of typhoid and para-typhoid fevers, and in addition to this to inoculation with the non-sterilized bacterial compound, commonly known as ” vaccine lymph.” [toxic soup!]
• “In 1911 specimens of virus [common term for pathogen pus/toxin, not virus as we know today] propagated in the laboratories of two of the leading manufacturers of such products in the United States, were purchased in the open market and subjected to exhaustive bacteriological and biological tests. From these specimens twenty-two different microorganisms were isolated. Eighteen out of the twenty-two were found to be pathogenic; six were pyogenic or pus-producing; fourteen were mortal to laboratory animals. One, which resembled the bacillus of malignant oedema, caused the death of a guinea pig within thirty-six hours.”
• Were there fewer deaths in the world than there would have been, had the “immunizer’s” syringe and the vaccinator’s lancet not been used?”

February 15, 1921 – The Homoeopathic Recorder Vol 36 – Some interesting facts for the busy doctor pg 66- READ [Seems the skill of the allopathic doctor in 1918 was lacking!]

• “Our medical colleges are to blame for turning out students who can’t diagnose a case of cancer or treat it successfully by medicine. The medical students graduated from our medical colleges should be taught how to treat successfully any of the diseases common to our country. If they can’t do that, then of what earthly use are they?”…What do you really know about healing the sick? This is ” the supreme test,” the acid test, of a doctor’s skill….”

February 15, 1921 – The Homoeopathic Recorder Vol 36 – The value of definite therapeutics, By Eli G. Jones, M. D., pg 165 – READ

• “The allopath is governed by no law of Therapeutics. He simply prescribes a certain remedy or combination of remedies, because he has read somewhere or heard that it is “good for that disease”, he is apt to change his remedies every day or two for he is not sure of anything. In his mind there is always the element of uncertainty, he hopes for the best, but it is mostly guesswork and experimenting on his part.“
• “When the epidemic of influenza swept over this country in 1918 it found the regular schools unprepared to treat it, because they had not been taught how to cure it in their medical colleges. It has been the same with every epidemic that has visited this country, the regular doctors were unprepared, and as a result they went down to defeat, with a frightful mortality.”
• “We speak of the thousands of brave men who sacrificed their lives on the soil of France in the cause of human liberty, but what of the 500,000 victims who died from influenza in 1918, have you forgotten them, and that the great majority of them were treated by regular physicians! It has given that school of medicine a ”black eye” from which they will never recover. It has become a part of medical history, as the record is made so it must stand!” [it seems we have ‘forgotten’]
• “The Eclectics and the Homoeopaths had been taught in their medical colleges how to treat influenza successfully, so that when the epidemic came in 1918, it found them PREPARED to treat it and cure it, with a mortality of less than one per cent.!” [Less than 1% mortality!] – REF
• “To make the blow still worse for the regular school that the Drugless Healers during the epidemic of influenza in 1918, throughout the country (without giving any medicine at all) reported a mortality of less than one per cent“.