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Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB) was created in response to recommendations by the UN Secretary General’s Global Health Crises Task Force mid-2017. The predecessor Global Health Crises Task Force was created in 2016 in response to the West Africa Ebola outbreak, they stated "Recent health emergencies, including the 2014-2016 West African Ebola outbreak, shed light on the major gaps in sustained political will, action, and sustainable financing for preparedness" and they recommended "the need for robust ongoing monitoring of global health emergency preparedness." The GPMB was formally launched in 24 May 2018, with their first meeting was held Sept 2018, the board is co-convened by the WHO and the World Bank Group and is said to be "an independent monitoring and accountability body to ensure preparedness for global health crises", with funding that has come from the Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, & Germany. [1] The GPMB commissions,  prepares and "publishes an annual report on global preparedness for health emergencies that provides an authoritative assessment that is easily translatable to action for policymakers, researchers, health professionals and donors".  The September 2019 report "A World At Risk". In Sept 2019 the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security release a timely report titled..> READ MORE

On January 9, 2017 the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released their “Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight (P3CO).” Noting "[a]doption of these recommendations will satisfy the requirements for lifting the current moratorium on certain life sciences research that could enhance a pathogen’s virulence and/or transmissibility to produce a potential pandemic pathogen (an enhanced PPP)." By the end of that year, on December 19, 2017, Francis Collins, Director of US National Institute of Health (NIH) announced it was lifting the October 16, 2014 funding moratorium [9, 10] on Gain-of-Function (GoF) research. [6]  "Dual Use" research continued because HHS adopted the pre-funding review mechanism called the Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight (P3CO) Framework which would be used to make funding decisions for GoF-type research. [1, 20] How this came about: Starting late 2014,  the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) who served as the "official federal advisory body on GoF research issues and is responsible for developing recommendations for the appropriate level of Federal oversight of GoF research". Which was infomed by Gryphon Scientific, who were "contracted by the NIH Office of Science Policy [OSTP]..> READ MORE